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Crime and deviance dysfunctional and functional
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There are instances when high-risk crime victims tend to resemble profiles of crime perpetrators. Some of the factors that contribute to the criminal becoming the victim are due to geographical location, social networks and deviant lifestyles. The geographical location of the individual contributes to the possibility of being murdered (Karmen, 2016). To further expound on this point, “likelihood of victimization is largely determined by a pattern in which residence in metropolitan areas with high population density and poor economies represent high-risk” (LeClair, 2017, Module 2, Lesson 4, p. 12). For example, an industrialized nation such as Australia has a murder rate of 1 per 100,000 inhabitants as compared to a developing country like
At the Muncie police department victim advocacy, I have increased my ability of communication in a few different ways. The first way that I have increased my communication skills is in the writing area. The way that I have increased my writing skills is by writing briefs about the police reports that come in to the office. The police reports that come in the victim advocate officer are ones that deal with people who have been victimized (battery, domestic violence, or threats of harm). The reason why I write briefs about this is because they have to be put into a police outreach system where letters are sent out to the victim offering the services of the victim advocate office. These briefs have taught me to provide as much information as possible
He proposes that it is the trauma in conjunction with outside factors such as social or environmental, which exacerbate the problem and leads to the criminal activity (Hickey, 2016, p149). Hickey says that the most common trauma experienced by serial killers is childhood traumatisation caused by rejection and that this rejection can be in the form of rejection by family members or an unstable/abusive home life (Hickey, 2016, p148). Hickey says that rejection by family members, e.g. relatives or parents, is the most common cause of childhood traumatisation and that an unstable, abusive home has been proposed as a major form of rejection (Hickey, 2016, p149). Holmes, Tewksbury and Holmes (1999), in their ‘fractured identity syndrome’ theory of serial murder, suggest that serial killers are similar to everyone else in the early years of personality development and lead normal lives. They argue that an event or series of events that often take place in the serial murderer’s adolescent years, causes a fracturing of the personality and that this fracturing, following subsequent incidents, causes the fracture to explode into a
In 2012, there were an estimated 14,827 murders and non-negligent manslaughter crimes reported by all agencies in the United States according to the Uniform Crime Report at the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Murder and non-negligent manslaughter are defined “as the willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another.” A 1.1 percent increase occurred from 2011 to 2012. But it should be noted, this is a 9.9 percent drop from the figure for 2008 and a 10.3 percent decrease from the number of murders recorded in 2003. Of the murders that occurred in 2012, it is estimated that 43.6 percent were reported in the south, 21.0 percent were from the Midwest, 21.0 percent were accounted from the west, and 14.2 percent were from the northeast of the United States. There were 4.7 murders for every 100,000 people in 2012. The murder rate went up 0.4 percent from 2011 to 2012. It went down in 2008 by 12.8 percent and dropped 16.9 percent from 2003. The majority of offenders were over the age of eighteen and they accounted for 9,096 of offenders in 2012. According to the Uniform Crime Report, the number of offenders who murdered in 2012 totaled 14,581. The majority of these offenders were male, totaling 9,425. Female offenders totaled 1,098, and 4,058 were unknown offenders. Black males topped the list as far as race was concerned with 5,531 committing murder. White males followed with 4,582 offenders. There were 4,228 classified as race unknown regarding offenders who murdered in 2012. The victim data reported was 9,917 male victims and 2,834 female victims. Of those victims, 11,549 were over the age of eighteen.
Several serial killers have a definitive and common personality profile. Almost every major social, biological, psychological behavioural influence that has been seriously suggested as playing a role in causing crime has been thoroughly thought as potentially contributing to the behavior of serial killers (Levin, 2008). The time period and amount of killings fluctuate depending on the individual committing the crimes. Usually, the murders happen in different geographical areas. A mass murder has a separate definition than a serial killer, because a serial killer has a “cooling off” period, where mass murders kill several individual in a single event.
Understanding Crime: Theory and Practice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers. Woodham, J., & Toye, K. (2007). Empirical Tests of Assumption of Case Linkages & Offender’s profiling with Commercial Robbery.
When discussing theories of crime, most turn to ideas of nature versus nurture. An important factor that is seemingly overlooked is that of previous victimisation, and how being a victim can correlate to an increased likelihood of offending in the future. Some victims of crimes vow to take their trauma and turn it into something positive and productive, while some may get stuck and find themselves in a vicious cycle of victimisation and perpetration. This phenomenon can commonly be seen in cases of violent crimes, where perpetration may be “habitual” or as a result of revenge-seeking attitudes. This essay will examine the relationship between victimisation and crime, citing violent crimes in particular.
Nature versus nurture has been argued in attempt to understand how criminals behave. The theory of what influences psychopath and serial killers’ violent and destructive pathways has not been agreed on till this day. Criminals such as psychopaths and serial killers have been researched for the past two decades. Scientists have found that genetics is a determining factor of who becomes a serial killer. It is important to understand the determinants involved within a serial killer, because if these social and environmental causes are discovered, they can be altered and controlled to reduce crime (Lykken, 1993). With more studies, we would therefore prevent mass murders and could assist in significant reductions of crime within society.
According to Schmalleger (2016), the NCVS and the UCR are programs geared towards collecting criminal data from different departments around the U.S. The National Crime Victimization Survey (VCVS) is the process of gathering criminal data from the victims themselves. This survey has a higher rate of criminal incident reporting although many of these crimes have not been reported to the police. Oftentimes, the crimes collected in these surveys are not reported because they are private family matters or were solved without the help of the police. The one big drawback from using the NCVS is the potential of people fabricating criminal behaviors, or over exaggerating the events that occurred. This then gives false reporting and inaccurate findings
Potential copycat criminals can decide to commit or not to commit a copycat crime through various pathways, either thoughtful reviews of media provided crime instructions or psychological immersion in crime related narratives (Surette). Copycat offenders tend to weigh the likelihood of reward versus punishment and the attention they’ll receive when they commit the crime. Their personality traits play a role in this as well. If the offender is considered a “nerd”, being bullied, does not receive attention at home, they will want to be recognized. They will want to commit the most memorable crime in their
Criminal profiling is an important art that can save lives when, people who could be future victims, are aware of typical situations that would make them a victim. Specific factors that might be helpful in criminal profiling is considering a person’s life style, gender, geographical location, mental health and a host of other factors can greatly contribute to criminal profiling and the ultimate goal of crime
We are all affected by crime, whether we are a direct victim, a family member or a friend of a victim. It can interfere with your daily life, your personal sense of safety and your ability to trust others.
The United Nations Office of Drug and Crime-UNODC (2014). Global Study on Homicide. Retrieved from http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/Chapter_1.pdf
Understanding Psychology and Crime; Perspectives on Theory and Action, New York. PENNINGTON, D ( 2002) , Introducing Psychology: Approaches, Topics and Methods, London, Hodder Arnold TANNENBAUN, B, (2007),Profs link criminal behaviour to genetics [online] , Available at: http://thedp.com/index.php/article/2007/11/profs_link_criminal_behavior_to_genetics [accessed 16th October 2011]. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/41182390/Explanations-of-Criminal-behaviour
Criminality constitutes strategic mannerisms characterized by apathy to misery inflicted on others, egocentricity and depressed self-control. Habitual criminal behaviour seeks to satisfy the offender’s desires for material prestige, power or pleasurable feelings regardless to damage inflicted to victim or society. Such behaviors extend mistrust, fuel prejudice, and largely corrupt social cohesion. Biological, psychological and environmental attributes are thought to heavily influence antisocial and criminal behaviour. Numerous studies have proven that active emulation, genetic predispositions and psychosocial labeling are all complementary to development and expressions of criminal behaviour. There has historically been a myriad of theories that attempt to explain criminal behaviour through different perspectives, all which constitute intricate paradigms that play a role in expressio...
I now know that criminology prefer to highlight the correlations between crimes’ social climates and criminals’ psychological states of mind. While some argues that criminal behavior is a result of individuals’ association with criminal peers, other claims that crime is a reflection of an individual’s genetic disadvantages. I have come to learn that there are no universally agreed formulas on decoding crimes and criminal behaviors. What we have, however, is a manual full of academic opinions and subjective views that have emerged alongside of the development of criminology. At the same time, the volume of conflicting perspectives that I have stumble upon in studying criminology reminded me again that the success of our current assessment models has yet to be determined. Thus, the study of criminology is an appropriate practice that will further prepare me to conduct meaningful research on legal studies and to provide accurate and in-depth findings in the near