H.H. Richardson was born September 29, 1838 at Priestly Plantation in Louisiana. As a young man, he studied one year at Tulane University and later at Harvard. In 1860 he went to Paris to study architecture at Ecole des Beaux-Arts where he stayed until the end of the Civil War in 1865. His first work as an architect was a Church of the Unity in Springfield, Massachusetts in Gothic Revival architectural style (pic. 6). But that was not his true style. Richardson same like Brooks preferred Romanesque, architectural style “characterized by round arches, masonry barrel vaults, thick walls, bold massing and clearly articulated parts” (Curran 62, 63).
The Romanesque architectural style lasted in Europe from the 9th century until the beginning of
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It was a period of time when many monasteries and pilgrimage churches were built. Even so there is no typical Romanesque church we still can find some common characteristics defining this style. Next to the round arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, bold massing and clearly articulated parts already mention early we must also mention the strict symmetry, regularity and the so called square schematism where the dimension of the church are calculated as multiples of the standard unit, square (Kostof 281). And some of these churches served as an inspiration to Richardson in the process of developing the final design for Trinity Church in Boston. We do know that the pilgrimage church Saint-Gilles-du-Gard in southern France (pic. 1) was Richardson inspiration for the portal arrangement (Stebbins 286). The west portal of the Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard was constructed in the 12th century and is considered to be most beautiful of all the great Romanesque portals and stunning example of the Provencal Romanesque in southern France. The stone carvings on this portal depict Roman and Biblical motives and show the story of Christ (Gangewere). After visiting St. Trophime, also pilgrimage church, in 1882 he planned to design …show more content…
Richardson found his inspiration. Now we can look at the time period in which the church was design and built. The west of the USA was mainly farmed. Army was used to keep Indians in reservations and many conflicts did break up from which the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 is probably the most familiar. The situation in the east was quite different. In the second half of the 19th century the industrial revolution which started in Europe reached the USA, but did not spread beyond New York and some other northern cities. Indeed, many industries are developing in this part of the country where newly arrived immigrants provided cheap labor. It is a time in which inventions like Thomas Edison’s electric lightbulb in 1879 helped change the world (Daniels, Hyslop 273-274). New development is reached even in architecture. The year 1885 saw the construction of the first skyscraper, even so it was only 10 stories, but with steel frame and brick walls (First
Thesis: Both St. John the Baptist Cathedral and Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Chartres are constructed in French Gothic style which means that architecturally they have many similarities. However, the 700 year gap between their construction offers St. John the Baptist more flexibility in design and style. Still, their likeness and variations extend far beyond the realm of their design.
In his opinionated book, From Bauhaus to Our House, Tom Wolfe describes his views on the way architecture has framed our modern world. He frames his book long essay with an excerpt from America the Beautiful, "O Beautiful, for spacious skies, for amber waves of grain, has there ever been another place on earth where so many people of wealth and power have paid for and put up with so much architecture they detested as within thy blessed borders today? . . . Every child goes to school in a building that looks like a duplicating-machine replacement-parts wholesale distribution warehouse . . . Every new $900,000 summer house in the north woods of Michigan or on the shore of Long Island has so many pipe railings, ramps, hob-tread metal spiral stairways, sheets of industrial plate glass, banks of tungsten-halogen lamps, and white cylindrical shapes, it looks like an insecticide refinery." (Wolfe 1) This quote, in short, is the premise of his critique. He does not like the way modern architecture
I chose two cathedrals for my post, the Durham Cathedral and the Chartres Cathedral. The Durham Cathedral, my example of Romanesque architecture, was built from local sandstone in 1087-1133 CE (the east wing was replaced in 1242) and is currently located in Nothern England. The Gothic style structure, the Chartres Cathedral (also known as the Cathedral of Notre-Dame), was mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220 CE due to a fire causing it to be rebuilt. Assembled utilizing limestone, this colossal structure is currently located in France and is known for it’s strikingly beautiful stained-glass windows. These structures share a few similarities, like their ribbed groin vaults (the crossing segments on the ceiling of the hallways), the high-placed windows as well as their huge circular window that were added to provide light and a
It’s the tenth of June in the year 1194. In a few hours’ time, the people of Chartres, France will awaken to the sound of crackling flames and the smell of thick, black smoke. This is the night that much of Chartres will burn to the ground, but the devastation will also include the destruction of the Notre-Dame de Chartres church. While some parts of the church have survived even to the present day, much of the original structure was consumed or severely damaged (Harriss). In this paper, I will be showing the key differences between the Romanesque and Gothic styles respectively, and how the existing Romanesque churches were converted to the new style.
The European Gothic Architecture covers an extended period of time that begins in the 12th century up to the 16th century; this was the golden period for this style of Architecture. The term Gothic comes from the Goths or Gothic people, a group of East Germanic tribes, which were tribes of barbarians and vandals that sack Rome during the 5th century. This term was later applied ...
Upjohn and Richardson were both influenced by the architectural styles that originated before them. These styles laid the foundation for their design aesthetics; as well as reasoning, making them influential in religious communities throughout the architectural scene that was taking place in the United States at the time. Upjohn’s essays dealing with the Romanesque style was part of the movement which primed the way for Richardson. Bold and generously serene, his villa-house designs were a premature struggle for functional expression in picturesque; further contributing to the development of, both, H.H. Richardson and Louis Sullivan. Upjohn possessed many of the aspects which were unified by Richardson and further developed in many of the first modernism works.
Dell Upton is a historian and renowned professor of architecture and Urbanism at the University of California. He has published several books on architecture; one of them is “Architecture in the United States”, published in 1998. In this book, Upton analyzes the architecture of the United States in different aspects, such as nature, money and art, thus depicting the great variety in architectural forms, and how throughout the decades, different interests have lead communities to different ways of building, different purposes and materials, thus reflecting their way of thinking and their relationship with the environment. By exploring so many different architectural styles, Upton reveals the great diversity and richness that has always, and continues to characterize American architecture.
The Basilica of St. Denis was originally built in 500-599 AD, but was later reconstructed by Abbot Suger in c.1135-1144. Although its original architect is unknown, it is most famous for its reconstruction that was overseen by Abbot Suger (Panofsky). This basilica is also well known for its representation of Europe’s architectural shift from the Romanesque style to Gothic. The Gothic style brought new designs and was dubbed the “transformat...
The Medieval period, which occurred in the years 401 until 1500, is a time in European history that fostered the development and widespread use of various architectural styles. Many structures built during this time still survive to this day, including St. Michael’s Church in Germany and Chartres Cathedral in France. Two of the most common and famous types of architecture during this period were the Romanesque and Gothic styles. Romanesque architecture borrows many of the same innovative engineering techniques the Romans used to build the structures of their vast and powerful empire, such as the rounded arch. Jackson writes, “In the eyes and judgment of the great masters of the Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries Roman architecture was
The Romanesque architecture style, which occurred during the late 11th century to the middle 12th century, literally means “roman-like” architecture. The Romans, who were inspired by the Etruscans, used barreled and groined vaulting. Romanesque architects later adapted the use of rounded arches, giving the style its name. The Romanesque style, being inspired by the Roman architecture, used the plan of the basilica style. Romanesque cathedrals were not originally designed for aesthetic purposes. Romanesque style replaced flat wood ceilings with stone vaulting. It was one of the first styles to use mainly all stone, but the walls of the Romanesque cathedrals were built very thickly. They were almost like a fortress. Romanesque cathedrals had few windows as a result of their thick walls so the churches were very dark. In a sense, this echoed the life that was outside of these sanctuaries’ walls during the Middle Ages.
He created a style of architecture to reflect America’s character. The central themes of his style were the landscape, people, and democracy in America. His style was heavily influenced by the midwest, the region where he grew up. His houses aimed to encourage the inhabitants to connect and communicate with one another. The hearth, dining room, and terrace all exemplify this, creating, and open, warm and welcoming space.
No matter how much architectural form, external skin, scale may have evolved for church buildings in the past, but the spatial choreography and the pattern of movement through these buildings has more or less remained constant. For example, one may not distinctly remember their walk through a specific church against their overall experience while walking through church buildings in general. As most of them have a similar experience to offer, which may allow one to pray and connect to good but, somehow is not extremely impactful. One reason for this could be the fact that the presence of vaulted ceilings, nave and aisles flanked by stained glass windows on either sides, the subdues light, materials and the linear walk towards the alter as part of the experience of most classical churches have somehow lead the users to get a homogenous experience through these spaces.
Architecture, the practice of building design and its resulting products, customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Today the architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must convey beautiful meaning. But the best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of history of cultures, achievements in architecture that testify to the nature of the society that produced them. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art, yet Frank Lloyd Wright single handily changed the history of architecture. How did Frank Lloyd Wright change architecture?
There were two main types of architecture during the middle ages, the Romanesque style and the Gothic style. The Romanesque period took place approximately between 1096 and 1270 (the eleventh and twelfth centuries) and the Gothic period took place approximately between 1150 and 1450 (the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries) (Bersson 383). Evidence of both styles of architecture emerged throughout Europe. The political landscape had changed and the Christian church provided a measure of unity throughout the centuries of this medieval era (Stalley 13).
The paper will aim to discuss how motivation and reward can be effective with a work task. These will be determined by someone’s position and where they stand with the task that needs to be accomplished. Rewards can increase someone’s motivation to complete a task and that can be beneficial for them. Examining rewards given for effectively completing a task can increase a person’s motivation to work their absolute hardest on a task in the workplace. Through various studies and research, this idea has been proven to be true with a person’s mindset on carrying out a feared communication work task.