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Paper on Lebanon and Hezbollah
Paper on Lebanon and Hezbollah
Paper on Lebanon and Hezbollah
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Hezbollah “State within the Sate”
Historical background
Hezbollah (the party of god) is a Shiite political and military group, created in early 1980s during the Israel invasion of Lebanon. The 1975 Lebanese civil war, Israel’s occupation of Lebanon in 1978, and 1979 revolution of Iran played the main role in shaping of the group’s views. The groups of students who returned from Iraq in 1970s were inspired by the 1960s and 1970s shiite revival movements of Southern Iraq. They urged on mobilization of Lebanese impoverished and marginalized Shiite community. In 1974, Imam Musa Sadr, founded the Lebanese Shiites political movement, “Movement of Dispossessed” what was called later Amal (Hope) movement. During the Israeli invasion, the Shiite leaders who favored military response to the Israel occupiers and creation of an Islamic state in Lebanon like one of Iran left Amal and formed Al Amal al Islamiya. This groups headed by Sayed Abbas al Musawi with other Ulama and students founded later the “the Hezbollah Lebanon”. They received both financial and training assistance from Iran’s Revolutionary Guards, Syria and other Shiite groups. They attacked the southern and south parts of Lebanon where were occupied by Israelis. Their attack on the Israel Defense Force (IDF) and US military made them publicly popular as defenders of Lebanon against foreign occupations.
Hezbollah largely continued its underground activities until released its political manifesto in 1985. The manifesto explained their political, militant, and anti-imperialism position which was highly influenced by views of the Grand Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini. In 2009, they announced updates on the first manifesto of Hezbollah. In 1989, Taif Agreement (negotiated ...
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...h Goldstein called for creation of a biblical state in Israel.
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The French had control of Syria and Lebanon. France had a direct rule, meaning that they sent officials and their army to govern their mandates. The Druze revolt caused the French to separate Lebanon into a country of their own. They appointed the government as people of different religious groups, Christian, Shi’a Muslims, and Sunni Muslims. During World War Two (WWII), Syria and Lebanon tried to gain independence. In 1946 Syria and Lebanon were free. During the time of the French Mandates they made many improvements towards the roads, education, agriculture, and health; which laid the groundwork for modern Syria and
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With sounds of youthful laughter, conversations about the students’ weekends, and the shuffling of college ruled paper; students file into their classrooms and find their seats on a typical Monday morning. As the announcements travel throughout the school’s intercoms, the usual “Please stand for the Pledge of Allegiance” becomes no longer usual but rather puzzling to some students. “I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, indivisible, with liberty, and justice for all.” Confusion passes through some of the student’s minds. With the reoccurrence of “God” in the backdrop of American life, the relationship between church and state has become of little to no matter for American citizens just as it has with American students. While congress makes no law respecting an establishment of religion, the term “freedom of religion” presents itself to no longer be the definition of “free”, while also having its effects on debates today. According to Burt Rieff, in Conflicting Rights and Religious Liberty, “Parents, school officials, politicians, and religious leaders entered the battle over defining the relationship between church and state, transforming constitutional issues into political, religious, and cultural debates” (Rieff). Throughout the 20th century, many have forgotten the meaning of religion and what its effects are on the people of today. With the nonconformist society in today’s culture, religion has placed itself in a category of insignificance. With the many controversies of the world, religion is at a stand still, and is proven to not be as important as it was in the past. Though the United States government is based on separation of church and state, the gover...
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Church Of God I. ORIGIN Most of the Pentecostal churches which bear the name "Church of God" can be traced to a holiness revival in the mountains of northwest Georgia and eastern Tennessee. In 1884, R.G. Spurling, a Baptist minister in Monroe County, Tennessee, began to search the Scriptures for answers to the problems of modernism, formality, and spiritual dryness. An initial meeting of concerned people was held on August 19, 1886, at the Barney Creek Meeting House to organize a new movement that would preach primitive church holiness and provide for reform and revival of the churches. Christian Union was the name accepted by the first eight members enrolled that day. Spurling died within a few months and was succeeded in leadership by his son, R.G. Spurling, Jr.
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Transformation, and Change of the Lost-Found Nation of Islam in America, 1930-1995 Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
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