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Antibiotic resistance as a global health risk
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Helminthes or parasites, often called “worms” are among the most prevalence of chronic human infections worldwide. Soil-transmitted infections are caused by different species of parasitic worms. There are over 340 species of helminthes; most are rare in humans but may infect animals that can serve as a reservoir for infection but there are four main nematodes species of human soil-transmitted helminthes infections. Ascaris lumbricoides (round worm), trichuris trichura (whipworm), Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworm). These four helminthes are commonly associated with malnutrition, including anemia. Pregnant women are at risk of nutritional deficiencies caused by helminthes infections Soil-transmitted helminthes have been as causing impairment of growth and nutrition. The hookworm damage the intestinal mucosa leading to bleeding, loss of iron and anemia infections by trichuris trichura produce chronic reduction of food intake. During pregnancy, mild or several infections with hookworm can cause anemia to the mother and damage to the fetus, leading to low birth weight. Several large-scale studies have demonstrated that deworming and iron supplements reduced anemia among pregnant women and have led positive birth outcomes. At the global level it is estimated that intestinal parasite infections affect more than one-third of the world’s population with the highest rates in school-age children. These infections are most prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the developing world where adequate water...
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...lance and monitoring systems, inadequate systems to ensure quality and uninterrupted supply of medicines, inappropriate use of antibiotic medicines, poor infection prevention and control practices, insufficient diagnostic, prevention and therapeutic tools. WHO is guiding the response to antibiotic resistance through; fostering coordinated actions by all stakeholders; creating policy guidance, support for surveillance, technical assistance, knowledge generation and partnerships; fostering innovation, research and development. WHO calls on all key stakeholders, including policy-makers and planners, the public and patients, practitioners and prescribers, pharmacist and dispensers, and the pharmaceutical industry, to act and take responsibility for combating antibiotic resistance.
Many countries in Europe collect data on the locations of antimicrobial resistance occurrences, the number of incidences , who uses antibiotics, and the health practitioners who may overusing the antibiotics so as to address the problem of anti-microbial resistance.
Dr. Nagami had multiple reasons for writing the Woman with a Worm in Her Head. I think that she intended to educate the reader about many things. She wanted to highlight the background of the deadly diseases that she has encountered. She also wants to explain the limits of modern medicine. I also think that she wanted to put a human face on the patients that she encounters on a daily basis. She also was trying to explain how combating diseases like this and her profession as a medical doctor affected her.
In the last decade, the number of prescriptions for antibiotics has increases. Even though, antibiotics are helpful, an excess amount of antibiotics can be dangerous. Quite often antibiotics are wrongly prescribed to cure viruses when they are meant to target bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of medicine that is prone to kill microorganisms, or bacteria. By examining the PBS documentary Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria and the article “U.S. government taps GlaxoSmithKline for New Antibiotics” by Ben Hirschler as well as a few other articles can help depict the problem that is of doctors prescribing antibiotics wrongly or excessively, which can led to becoming harmful to the body.
The Meningeal Worm Infestation of up to 20 meningeal worms has been discovered in a single deer’s subdural cavity. The white tail deer are the preferred host, but they rarely ever suffer from any sick or neurological problems from this type of worm. We will see severe signs in llamas and alpacas; these are the two animals that can become infected with it frequently. The meningeal worm can cause damage to the central nervous system and could result in death, so it is important to try and catch it early and learn about how to prevent this deadly worm. Things that you should be familiar with about the meningeal worm are its life cycle, the signs in your animal, and any prevention or treatment options.
Resistance arises from mutations that are not under the control of humans, but the evolution of bacteria has been sped along by the overexposure of antibiotics to both people and animals. The number of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria in an area is closely related to the frequency that antibiotics that are prescribed (Todar, 2012). Patients often unnecessarily demand antibiotics to treat common colds or simple illnesses that are not caused by bacteria. Instead, these infections are caused by viruses which, unlike bacteria, are unaffected by antibiotics. Incorrect diagnosis can also lead patients to using unnecessary antibiotics, which can sometimes be even more dangerous than otherwise left untreated. Besides the fact that antibiotics kill off beneficial bacteria in the intestines, misuse of antibiotics provides an opportunity ...
Oftentimes, people can recall at least one song they know that is undoubtedly catchy because of its repetitive nature. That song can become a nuisance, when it will not leave your mind. When a melody gets stuck in your head, sometimes it could take a whole day to forget the tune. A certain tune can be stuck in your brain for many years! In Oliver Sacks’ passage, “Brainworms, Sticky Music, and Catchy Tunes”, he talks about “earworms”, or a pathological repetition. Sacks uses patterns of development to inform the modern reader about the dark side of music.
This disease may be on the brink of being eradicated entirely but that doesn’t stop it from being one of the grossest things that anyone has ever seen. The parasite enters the body via unsafe drinking water. When people drink water infected with water fleas that have have been hosting the larvae of the parasite. There are no symptoms, to begin with, but about one year later, blisters on the feet or legs begin to develop and then the adult fully developed worm crawls out of the host body over a period of a few weeks. It’s said that the pain is intense and can incapacitate a person for weeks at a time. The pain can also continue for months after the infection. The parasite needs to infect a person at least once a year in order to continue. There were an estimated 3.5 million cases in 1986 but the disease has been greatly reduced over time and only 22 cases were reported in 2015. This disease will probably be the first parasitic disease to be completely eradicated in humans.
Worms. It's not something that most dog-owners want for their beloved pups; but unfortunately, it's something that happens all too often. Worms and other parasites aren't just disgusting to think about, they are also potentially dangerous. At the first suspicion—or sight—of worms, you should take action quickly, so that your family pet doesn't suffer from upset tummy, grumpy behavior, or death.
I believe that to solve this crisis of increasingly resistant bacteria, we all have to take initiative. Of course antibiotics should not be prescribed so freely, but i think that it all falls down to a matter of education. If people were educated on this matter, they would realise that they should not be taking antibiotics more than once every three years and they would ask their medical practitioner for alternative ways of dealing with their illness. Better diets and a more active lifestyle will help a person keep healthy and strong as well. I believe that more research should be done into bacteria and that we should devote much of our research into finding alternative ways in which we can cure illnesses.
This paper includes an understanding about the parasitic roundworm called trichinella. It gives detail of the disease, its transmission and source. Emphasizing how it effects the body, further explaining the epidemiology and how the parasite poses a threat. Also providing an overview of the various types of transmission, how it obscures the human body, and informs one about the symptoms that occurs with the ingestion of trichinella. This paper also addresses the various diagnostic procedures and the treatment required in order to treat Trichinellosis. This, emerging the complex world of the most common type of trichinella species called Trichinella spiralis. In addition, it raises awareness of the health risks and possible outcomes that can come along when the parasites begins migrating throughout the body.
Bibliography:.. References 1) Lewis, Ricki, “The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections”. Food and Drug Administration Publications. http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/795_antibio.html September, 1995. 2) Levy, S., Bittner, M., and Salyers, A. Ask the Experts about “Ask the Experts”.
Thesis: With the advent of antibiotics in 1929 Fleming said, "The time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops.Then there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily underdose himself and by exposing his microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant."With the overuse of antibiotics today we have seen this very idea come to be.Over usage is caused most prevalently by a lack of education on the part of the patient.Thus stated, the way to overcome such a circumstance is to educate, not only the patient but also the physician.
Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases are treated at home, one in twenty children die of the disease before they reach the age of five. Pregnant women are also more vulnerable to disease and in certain parts of Africa, they are four times as likely to contract the disease and only half as likely to survive it.
O. volvulus is a nematode which has a habitat in Africa. It has been seen primarily within the region that contains Tanzania, Uganda, and southern Sudan. The life cycle of O. volvulus begins as a microfilaria within human skin. When a fly feasts on human blood, the microfilaria is ingested. The microfilaria goes through a short period of growth while within the gut of the fly. After this growth period, it makes its way into a human’s bloodstream. It then matures in the bloodstream over a period of several months. Once the maturation is complete, it migrates to the fat of the human host to mate, and the
Morbidity and Mortality will increase due to the loss of readily available treatment options (WHO, 2012). The Global Action Plan is supposed to enhance diagnosis, control of infection, and prevention of the infection (WHO, 2012). The objective of this plan is to control/minimize the impact and the spread of this antimicrobial resistance infection by “providing a strategic framework to guide clinical, laboratory, and health actions aimed at minimizing the impact of gonorrhea” (WHO, 2012, p 10). Another objective is to provide recommendations for coordinating advocacy, communication, and partnership efforts at national, regional, and international levels to help support the global response (WHO, 2012). The public health should increase awareness on the correct use of antibiotics among the health care workers and the consumer and it is needed in certain populations which include MSM and sex workers (WHO, 2012). Effective prevention includes using prevention messages/interventions and recommending adequate diagnosis and appropriate treatment regimens (WHO, 2012). Systematic monitoring of treatment failures by developing a definition of treatment failure, protocols for verification, and reporting/management of treatment failure can help make a difference in the continuing problem (WHO, 2012). Strengthening surveillance in countries with a high amount of infections and having effective drug regulations/prescription policies help prevent the emergence and spread of the infection (WHO, 2102). Appropriate treatment methods should be available to those who are allergic to the recommended first-line treatment and to women who are pregnant that need the non-teratogenic medication (WHO, 2012). Resistant gonorrhea is going to continue spreading and affect increasing numbers of communities (WHO,