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What causes hypothyroidism essay
Chapter 11 The Endocrine System:Glands And Hormones
What causes hypothyroidism essay
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Thyroid is an endocrine gland, which is located in front of the neck, just below the thyroid cartilage known as Adam’s Apple. It is collected with two lobes on either side of windpipe. It is very small in size, but the thyroid gland plays an important role, Thyroid gland produces hormones which are important for the growth and energy metabolism of the body. The hormones which were produced by the thyroid gland is controlled by another hormone which is called thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH. TSH is secreted by the pituitary gland in response to the stimulation from the hypothalamus in the brain. The thyroid needs iodine out of the nutrition in order to produce thyroid hormone. There are two main thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland: …show more content…
The doctors used to replace the thyroid hormone for the people who suffered from the hypothyroidism. They followed this procedure for several years. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the condition which we can observe in the thyroid diseases. This is the condition where we cannot observe any symptoms, by the way it’s very difficult to diagnose the disease. We can able to diagnose the disease by microscope examination. It is very difficult process and can’t perform all the time. This disease destroys thyroid gland. It is very difficult to regulate the condition, so doctors used to replace thyroid gland. They also used Cytomel or Synthroid instead of T3 and T4 for the treatment of thyroid disease. Cytomel, Synthroid, T3, and T4 are the main hormones which are used for thyroid treatment. Natural thyroid preparations include thyroid extracts which contain both T3 and T4, this are the first treatment which are available in the market. Several dosages were adjusted to solve this problem. They performed many clinical trials for the thyroid treatment. They observed the development of serum TSH and identification of peripheral deiodinase mediator conversion of T4 to T3. L-Thyroxine mono therapy treatment also used for the treatment of hypothyroidism, but after many clinical trials they came to know that this therapy has several side effects, so they did not used this
Is consider an autoimmune disorder, because elevated enzyme (TPO) Thyroid Peroxidase which are thyroid follicle cells iodinates T4 and T3. TPO ends up attacking it self, resulting in inflammation which ends up damaging the thyroid gland. Primary hypothyroidism is also known Hashimoto disease. The primary hypothyroidism lead to Margie’s symptoms trouble concentrating, puffier face, and hot flashes. Considering all the things above, Margie will be treated with Levonthyroxine a thyroid replacement hormone. This thyroid replacement hormone will first be introduce with a low those, there after it will increase until she reaches normal T4 and TSH levels. The negative result of this medication is the increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Therefore Margie should eat high calcium diet with calcium and vitamin D
Hypothyroidism develops when the thyroid gland does not produce enough of certain hormones. (“Hypothyroidism”, n.d.). Hypothyroidism can be broken down even further. The two types of hypothyroidism are congenital hypothyroidism or acquired hypothyroidism. According to Porth 2011, “Congenital hypothyroidism develops prenatally and is present at birth. Acquired hypothyroidism develops later in life because of primary disease of the thyroid gland or secondary to disorders of hypothalamic or pituitary origin.” (p. 786). Some common symptoms include increased sensitivity to cold, dry skin, fatigue, constipation, drowsiness, hypothermia and muscle weakness (“Hypothyroidism”, n.d.).
Thyroid and metabolism hormones play a large role in the daily lives of all living species. Thyroid hormones regulate the metabolism and the metabolism is responsible for maintaining a specific range for the biochemical reactions that occur in the body (Martini 2014). The most important hormone for metabolic maintenance is thyroxine (T4). This hormone also plays a large role in body heat regulation. It is produced by the pituitary gland and secreted by the thyroid gland. The thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) must trigger the thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) to release thyroid hormones to the thyroid gland. These hormones are under control of the hypothalamus, or main neural control center. Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a medication used to treat
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited condition that affects hormone production in the adrenal gland. The individual lacks enzymes to make cortisol, and hormones are instead are shifted away to make other hormones, specifically androgens. This results in the deficiency of cortisol and the abundance of testosterone.
In experienced hands parathyroidectomy, the success rate range between 95- 98%. Normalizes serum calcium and PTH, reduces the risk of fracture in those with symptomatic and asymptomatic disease, may provide minor improvements in neurocognitive dysfunction in those with mild PHPT, reduces the incidence of renal stones, and regress the septal hypertrophy.
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease that was discovered by Robert Graves in 1835. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland and causes hyperthyroidism. Graves’ disease occurs when the antibodies like thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin and thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs) attack the thyroid gland as if it were a foreign object or a virus of some sort. This disease is the most common type of hyperthyroidism. Attacking the thyroid gland in such a manner makes it excessively overproduce the hormone thyroxine which controls the body’s metabolic rate. Heightened activity of the thyroid can increase the body’s metabolism by 60% to 100%. (Weeks 34-35).
Although Cushing’s syndrome is rare, some symptoms include: thin arms and legs, severe fatigue and muscle weakness, high blood pressure, high blood sugar (high blood glucose levels), easy bruising, upper body obesity (most commonly on the face), a round, red, or full face (moon face), acne or skin infections, purple marks (1/2 inch or more wide) on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, or breasts, and thin skin. Some symptoms vary by gender. Men can experience symptoms, such as decreased or no desire for sex or even impotence while women can experience excess hair growth on the face, neck, chest, abdomen, and thighs. Women’s menstrual cycles can also become irregular or stop completely. Just because a patient may experience one or two of the symptoms above does not mean that they have Cushing’s syndrome, but it may mean they need to seek medical attention for further testing.
The hormones produced from the endocrine system come from a wide range of different places. Among those responsible for hormone production are the glands and a few organs as well. The glands that are involved are the pituitary, thyroid, thymus, parathyroid, and adrenal. The organs, which also play a vital part, are the pancreas, gonads, kidneys, heart, and parts of the digestive tract. All these different glands or organs work together in the production of certain hormones. Those produced in one location will almost always have an effect on many other areas of the body, not just the surrounding tissues.
The following presentation will help this class in the teaching of a patient with hypothyroidism. The expected outcome of this presentation for the patient will be as follows:
The thyroid is one of the most essential glands in the body. It is located in the endocrine system, and sits right in the neck just above where the collar bones meet. The thyroid gland functions to produce hormones that control how every cell in the body utilizes energy, also known as a process called metabolism. When a person's thyroid abnormally produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones, this is a condition referred to as hyperthyroidism. The causes of hyperthyroidism are known to include: eating too much food with iodine, graves disease, inflammation due to viral infections, tumors of the testes and ovaries, taking a large amount of thyroid hormone, receiving medical imaging tests consisting of contrast dye iodine, and growth of thyroid or pituitary gland (Board "Hyperthyroidism"). With an overactive thyroid, the body tends to speed up its functions. Symptoms vary from, fast heartbeats, rapid weight loss, abnormal sweating, nervousness, and mood changes. Hyperthyroidism is normally diagnosed through a series of lab tests. If not properly taken care of, condition may worsen leading to bone and heart problems in the long run. As far as treatment is concerned, options may vary from person to person depending on age and the level of activity of the thyroid. Treatments include antithyroid medicines, radioactive iodine ablation, and the last resort, surgery. Though all treatment plans work, radioactive iodine ablation is a permanent and more reliable remedy for an overactive thyroid. Radioactive iodine ablation is in fact the most commonly used cure for people with hyperthyroidism problems in the US today. “The treatment has been around since 1942 and has been extensively used since the 1950's” ("Radioactive Iodine Treatment o...
Graves’ disease is considered an auto immune disorder. It is also a hyperthyroid disorder that leads to the over activity of the thyroid gland. Graves’ disease is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. Many people suffer from symptoms. This paper will talk about the causes of the disease, research that has been conducted and how it can be treated.
The thyroid gland is found in the front of the neck and produces two main hormones. The hormones are called thuroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). Together these hormones regulate the body’s metabolism by increasing energy use in cells, regulate growth and development, help to maintain body temperature and aid in oxygen consumption. These two hormones are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus senses changes in body’s metabolic rate and releases a hormone known as thyropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone then flows through connecting vessels to the pituitary gland which signals it to release another hormone. This hormone is known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then makes its way to the bloodstream until it reaches the thyroid where it is then signaled to activate T3 and T4 production [1]. This mechanism is controlled by a negative feedback loop meaning that when there is a sufficient amount of thyroid hormones in the blood stream, this will signal back to stop production of thyroid stimulating hormones. Complications occur when the thyroid hormones keep increasing even though there is already a sufficient amount of T3 and T4 in the blood stream. This process of over expression of thryroid hormones is known as hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a general term that includes any disease that has a consequence of an overabundance of thyroid hormones. Hyperthyroidism is a general term but there are many variant diseases that are in the hyperthyroidism category. These diseases include diffuse toxic goiter, Basedow’s disease, thyrotoxicosis, Parry’s and Graves’ disease.
Among these disorders are hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism is a disorder in which one is diagnosed for having and underactive thyroid. The probability for women over the age of sixty to develop an underactive thyroid is higher than those of other individuals. If left untreated it can potentially lead to obesity, joint pain, heart disease, and other health complications. On the contrary, hyperthyroidism is a disorder in which a person is diagnosed for having an overactive thyroid. This can cause nervousness and anxiety, hyperactivity, unexplained weight loss, and swelling of the thyroid gland which causes a noticeable lump to form on throat (known as a
The pathophysiology of thyroid storm is related to the checks and balance system of the thyroid. Under normal circumstances the hypothalamus releases Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH) which then triggers the pituitary gland to release Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). The TSH then triggers to thyroid to release T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). These hormones are made by the thyroid from dietary intake of iodine. T4 is the concentrated version of T3, and is changed into T3 in the body. T3 and T4 are then used by the body to regulate metabolism. If the levels of T3 and T4 are too high, the hypothalamus will then stop the production of TRH, thus stopping the cascade of the thyroid hormone. In the process of thyroid storm however, the checks and balance system has gone askew. The production of T3 and T4, although high, is not responding to the decrease in TRH. The continued production of T3 and T4 causes these levels to skyrocket, thus creating a state of hyper-metabolism (Carroll & Matfin, 2010). Patients with mildly elevated T3/T4 levels may be diagnosed with hyper...
Hashimoto thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or autoimmune thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease (An illness that occurs when the body tissues are attacked by its own immune system) that attacks the thyroid gland causing inflammation and interfering with its ability to produce thyroid hormones. Hashimoto thyroiditis is known to be the most common form of thyroiditis and also the most common thyroid disorder in America. According to Womenshealth.gov (May 18, 2010) Hashimoto’s has been known to affect women seven times more than men. Patients who have been diagnosed with Hashimoto’s disease often have family members who have thyroid or other autoimmune diseases.