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How technology affect ethics
The link between ethics and technology
How technology affect ethics
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Introduction
Walk through the grocery store or go to buy a computer or a car, you will see labels for no steroids or additives, “This item meets energy star requirements”, or an EPA rating sticker. These primarily have come about from activist and lobbyist. Activism has definitely shaped our society for better or worse.
Activism has long been a practice in American society. Only recently has the Internet become a factor in political participation. Hacktivism has brought a new method of activism where people all over the world can participate in. But is this new form of activism ethical from any standpoint? This paper will discuss the ethics behind hacktivism.
Ethics
Merriam-Webster defines ethic as “the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation”. As new technology enters today’s market, ethics and morals are not always clear to everyone. Ethics and morals can differ from one person to another, this factor along with the uncertainty that comes with new technology.
Severson in 1997 talks about when Equifax and lotus notes were going to start a new consumer marketing program. The program would allow companies to buy these databases of customers’ information to use for target marketing. The methods they provided were not sufficient to the public as far as privacy and an opt out program. The product died after an uproar from the public about privacy concerns. This is just one of the ways the new technology of computing, along with developers challenges ethics.
Activism
Activism comes in many shapes and sizes and is accompanied by a plethora of controversial issues. In the 1970s the main concern of many active members of society was homosexual rights. Moving toward the middle of the century...
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... Terrorism. Knowing the relationship of hacktivism and cyber terrorism. Retrieved from http://www.infobarrel.com/The_Difference_Between_Hacktivism_and_Cyberterrorism
Samuel, A. W., (2004). Hacktivism and the Future of Political Participation. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 5, 2012, from http://www.alexandrasamuel.com/dissertation/pdfs/Samuel-Hacktivism-entire.pdf
Wray, S. (n.d.). Electronic Civil Disobedience and the World Wide Web of Hacktivism: A Mapping of Extraparliamentarian Direct Action Net Politics Retrieved from http://switch.sjsu.edu/web/v4n2/stefan/
Abaius C. (2012). Crash and Burn: Anonymous Takes Down MPAA Website in Response to Megaupload Arrest. Retrieved from http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/news/crash-and-burn-anonymous-takes-down-mpaa-website-in-response-to-megaupload-arrest.php
In conclusion, Carr and Gladwell’s essays have proven that the internet positive effects are outweighed by its negative effects. Carr has found he is unable to finish a full text anymore or concentrate. He thinks that the internet has taken our natural intelligence and turned it into artificial intelligence. Gladwell discusses how nowadays, social activism doesn’t have the same risk or impact as former revolutions such as the Civil Rights Movement. The internet is mostly based on weak ties based among people who do not truly know each other and would not risk their lives for their
In Vicki L. Eaklor’s Queer America, the experiences of lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender people in the years since the 1970s gay liberation movement are described as a time of transformation and growth. The antigay movement, threatened, now more than ever, created numerous challenges and obstacles that are still prevalent today. Many of the important changes made associated with the movement were introduced through queer and queer allied individuals and groups involved in politics. Small victories such as the revision of the anti discrimination statement to include “sexual orientation”, new propositions regarding the Equal Rights Amendment and legalized abortion, were met in turn with growing animosity and resistance from individuals and groups opposed to liberal and
Malcolm Gladwell’s article "Small Change: Why the Revolution Will not be Tweeted" raises a significant question about the prospective contribution of web-based social networking to the advent of progressive social movement and change. Gladwell bold declaration that "the revolution will not be tweeted" is reflective of his view that social media has no useful application in serious activism. Contrasting various elements of the “high-stakes” lunch-counter protests in Greensboro, North Carolina in the 1960’s with the “low-stakes” activism achieved through social media, Gladwell concludes that effective social movements powerful enough to impose change on longstanding societal forces require both “strong ties” among participants and the presence of a hierarchical organizations. In contrast, Gladwell characterizes the social networks as an interwoven web of "weak ties" that is inherently devoid of a hierarchy. Gladwell’s prerequisites for social movement are firmly based in strong body of sociological evidence, but his views regarding the nature of online social networks are laughably lacking in foresight and obstructed by a misleadingly selective body of evidence.
Andrew Calabrese, Virtual non-violence? Civil disobedience and political violence in the information age (2004) 6 Emerald Info 326 available at http://spot.colorado.edu/~calabres/Calabrese%20(civl%20dis).pdf
The gay rights movement has made great progress in the United States, compared to generations ago, with the legalization of marriage in some states, and also the gaining of certain equal rights. Many people today accept homosexuals within society, and society in general is more...
The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier by Bruce Sterling is a book that focuses on the events that occurred on and led up to the AT&T long-distance telephone switching system crashing on January 15, 1990. Not only was this event rare and unheard of it took place in a time when few people knew what was exactly going on and how to fix the problem. There were a lot of controversies about the events that led up to this event and the events that followed because not only did it happen on Martin Luther King Day, but few knew what the situation truly entailed. There was fear, skepticism, disbelief and worry surrounding the people that were involved and all of the issues that it incorporated. After these events took place the police began to crackdown on the law enforcement on hackers and other computer based law breakers. The story of the Hacker Crackdown is technological, sub cultural, criminal, and legal. There were many raids that took place and it became a symbolic debate between fighting serious computer crime and protecting the civil liberties of those involved.
The documentary Rise of the Hackers, focuses on the rising criminal use of hacking and how it is effecting multiple areas of technology. The documentary describes simple and complicated situations concerning hacking, but there still questions that must be answered when it comes to hacking and crime. The main question is in trying to determine why a person would choose to commit computer hacking. There are various theories already present within the criminal justice system that may explain at a micro-level and macro-level. These theories would explain why offenders would commit the crimes, but it may not answer the full scope of the question. The Routine Activities Theory would help to explain why offenders offend, why victims are victimized,
Throughout history, efforts towards gay rights journeyed on an uphill battle and were not majorly successful until recent years. Starting with the Cold War period in the 50’s, there was a growth in homosexual couples in the urban subculture where they were investigated and harassed by the police. During the 60’s, however, the march towards gay equality took a left turn and there was an increase in gay rights activism. Some goals of the activists were to decriminalize homosexual acts, receive equal treatment under the law, and for people to be educated by unbiased facts about homosexuality. Their efforts prevailed and the activists achieved the following: the right to publish gay magazines, victory of discrimination of employment cases, constraints on police harassment, opening of dialogue in scientific and religious communities, media visibility, organizational impulse, and denunciation of how gays are a mistreated minority. Although they achieved so many things,
One day in May 1988, Rebecca Wight and Claudia Brenner were backpacking on the Appalachian Trail in south central Pennsylvania. Claudia was thirty-one, and Rebecca was twenty-eight. Along the trail, they encountered a stranger who tried to involve them in conversation. Suddenly, the quiet of the afternoon was shattered by gunfire. Claudia was hit in the arm, neck, and face. Rebecca struck in the back and head; the shot in her back exploded her liver and killed her. The stranger, Stephen Roy Carr, shot them because they were lesbians (Oliver 8). There were laws against this of course. However, unfortunately for people who identify as homosexual, not many of these laws were followed for the reason that discrimination against gay people was clearly evident in America. When this incident happened, a social movement was well under way. This movement, of course, was the gay rights movement. One of the earlier accomplishments of the movement was in 1951, when the First National Gay Origination was founded. Yet, during the 1950s, it would have been immensely illegal and dangerous to register any kind of pro-gay organizations (Head). The gay rights movement continues to create and achieve goals even today. Many people did not support the movement; however, fortunately the gay rights movement had many followers from homosexual to straight people all over the country. Some memorable leaders would be Kathy Kozachenko, first openly gay women elected into politics, and Harvey Milk, first openly gay man elected into politics. In 1977 Harvey Milk won a seat in the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. It was there that Milk delivers a famous and inspirational speech which would later be called the “Hope Speech”. The main idea to take away from th...
The first poster introduces this concept, also referred to as clicktivism, of an Internet phenomenon where users reduce their deeds of activism to single mouse clicks on social media through ‘likes’ and ‘shares’. Co-creator of the Occupy Wall street movement Micah White described clicktivism as “Political engagement becoming a matter of clicking a few links. In promoting the illusion that surfing the web can change the world, clicktivism is to activism as McDonalds is to a slow-cooked meal. It may look like food, but the life-giving nutrients are long gone.” We have demonstrated this through amalgamating two iconic images. The Facebook ‘like’ fist has been superimposed over the revolution fist also known as the raised or clenched fist, a symbol of solidarity, defiance, resistance and strength. The fist is an iconic symbol, representing activism since the early 20th century and has previously been manipulated to represent a multitude of causes. When considering the technological determinist theory the progression of...
Interestingly, the keynote speaker was Eric Boucher[2] (alias Jello Biafra[3]), a rock star with no technical background. Numerous questions ensue. Who is Eric Boucher (alias Jello Biafra)? What does he believe? More importantly, why schedule someone with no technical background to speak at a hackers' convention? Addressing his beliefs, his proposed Green Party platform[4] is not inconsistent with the "Manifesto of Libertarian Communism"[5]. This answer produces a more troubling question. Was his speech against corporate America mere socialist babbling or was his speech part of something more sinister, a subversive cyber-communist movement?
Hacker subculture[1] is heavily dependent on technology. It has produced its own slang and various forms of unusual alphabet use, for example l33tspeak. Such things are usually seen as an especially silly aspect by the academic hacker subculture.[citation needed] In part due to this, the slangs of the two subcultures differ substantially.[citation needed] Political attitude usually includes views for freedom of information, freedom of speech, a right for anonymity and most have a strong opposition against copyright.[citation needed] Writing programs and performing other activities to support these views is referred to as hacktivism by the subculture. Some go as far as seeing illegal cracking ethically justified for this goal; the most common form is website defacement.[citation needed]
This summer if you were on social media you heard about the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. The concept was simple, just film yourself dumping a bucket of ice water over your head, challenge your friends to do the same, and donate ten dollars to the ALS Association. Opt out and donate one hundred dollars (Madison). Many Americans did not know what ALS was and by putting this challenge on social media has brought tons awareness to this devastating disease. Activism used to be taking action to bring social change, people in the 1960s used to gather in front of community centers and protest and or speak about their issue or cause. Now even though people still gather together it is much easier to use the internet. Hundreds of social media applications
Caleshu, John "Flame On: The State of Nature and the First Internet War," (April 1996) pp. 28, 31
She describes the rise of Anonymous in connection to the global phenomenon of political protests. Coleman particularly focuses on the role of anonymity in Tunisia where censorship is heavy and the repercussions of speaking out about the government were large. In Tunisia, her interviewees emphasize the power of Anonymous as a mass that virtually allows anyone to participate, even people from outside Tunisia. One of her interviewees, Amamou who had been detained and interrogated for five days by state security for his involvement in organizing a demonstration against web censorship, believes that the Anonymous mass played a large part in his release. Coleman notes, “Anonymous participants from Tokyo to Europe heard about his plight, leading to a flood of calls to the Tunisian government” (Coleman, 2014). Implicit in her essay, she reminds her audience that the Anonymous is largely uncontrollable. Since the Anonymous is largely a loose collective, with no defined leaders or official membership, joining the Anonymous is as easy as saying you’re in (Dewey, 2015). And, because the Anonymous is so loose and often associated with activism, of course non-hackers are drawn to anonymity as it allows their opinions to be shared freely with little to no