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Female representation in the media
Gendered media: the influence of media on views and gender
Gender differences in society
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Abstract
This paper explores and defines many interrelating connections between social influences on gender through the use of greeting cards. From the various connections made about the relationship between baby boys and baby girls through the media, this paper draws a fine line between the media’s perspective and the social and cultural differences in society. This paper examines the greeting cards sold at Dollarama closely, outlining the major types of images, the colour schemes, written messages and as well as the overall tone of each card selected.
Pink or Blue? - Greeting Card Analysis of Influential Factors
Numerous times throughout the years on various occasions people have to buy greeting cards. Regardless of the occasion, a greeting card accompanies any sort of gift or celebration, whether it be for an academic achievement, birthday celebration or a wedding anniversary. Focusing closely on baby showers and newborn baby occasions, there is a wide variety of selection of greeting cards at Dollarama. However, there are contradictions between pink and blue baby greeting cards. With various media perspectives and taking the social and cultural influences into account one can understand the relationships between gender-colour associations.
Firstly, looking at the overall selection of the cards,
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there was a similar trend between the types of images on the greeting cards specifically for a newborn baby. Out of the entire section, there were only two gender neutral cards compared to the number of gendered cards. However, this was just one store. This may vary from store to store, as each store varies its merchandise. Looking closely at the first greeting card in Appendix A, a normal person would most likely pick this card out to buy if they know they are expecting a baby boy. This is a gendered card for the male sex. The card has an overall colour scheme of yellow and blue and a little bit of green. The blue coloured shoes for an infant depict that this card is for a baby boy. The blue baby shoes symbolize some innocency and delicacy of an infant. There is a written message on the cover of the greeting card and as well as the inside. The message written on the cover is a short rhyming poem. It clearly uses the words “boy” and the pronoun “he” to showcase that it is a male gendered card. The overall tone is that it has male likeness features but as well soft-side to include the age factor. The second card shown in Appendix A, is a baby girl version of the previous card. A shopper would pick this card out for a female child. The colours pink, white and yellow all symbolize that this is a female gendered greeting card. The written message is different than the male gendered greeting card. It is slightly more sweeter, as it is imposing the world’s typical stereotypes. The message is written in a poetic way which is similar to the baby boy gendered greeting card. It also uses female pronouns, which show that it is female gendered greeting card. The overall tone of the card is happy and accepting the baby girl. In many parts of the world there are societies which discriminate boys from girls. For an example, when a boy is born in one of these “developing countries” friends and family gather congratulating and celebrating, while if it is a baby girl that is born, they start weeping and cursing the child.(“Gender Discrimination”) Gender discrimination can have an effect on the type of gendered greeting cards that are sold in a specific society. In a Canadian society, there is none to very little gender discrimination, due to the Charter of Human Rights. Thirdly, the third and fourth greeting cards shown in Appendix A, are both gendered greeting cards.
The third greeting card is a male gendered greeting card that has an overall blue colour scheme, whereas the fourth greeting card is a female gendered greeting card that has an overall pink and white colour scheme. The male gendered card has cars and baby boy toys while the female gendered card has a teddy bear. The written messages in both of the cards is very similar in terms that is written in a poetic way. The overall tone for the third and fourth greeting card is showcasing a congratulating joyful moment in one’s life with the birth of a
newborn. Another example of a gendered card is the fifth greeting card in Appendix A. It is a male gendered card using a blue colour scheme with a bit of yellow. The front of the card has a few cars. The written message on the front of the fifth greeting card is “Boy, oh boy, oh boy!” It is telling the shopper that is male gendered card, and if the newborn baby is boy then they should think about purchasing this greeting card. The overall tone of this greeting card is also cute, catchy and happy. In addition to all the discussed male and female gendered greeting cards, there was an another discrete category of gender neutral greeting cards at Dollarama for newborn babies. Through naturalistic observation one can compare and contrast gender neutral cards to gendered cards. Looking at the sixth greeting card in Appendix, one can observe that it is a gender neutral card. From examining the colour scheme as well as the written message inside one can easily distinguish this greeting card from the gendered greeting cards. The colour scheme of this card was mainly pale yellow, green and white. The written message uses the term “baby” instead of specific pronouns, such as “he” or “she” to indicate that it is an unisex greeting card. On the front cover of the greeting there is a window, and in front of the window there is a baby crib with a toy giraffe. This toy baby giraffe indicates that it is a unisex toy, therefore it goes along with the overall idea of the card being neutral gender. The last two cards in Appendix A are both neutral gendered cards. There are both similar in this sense. The second last greeting card in the appendix, has a colour scheme of purple, yellow and grey. On the front of the card, there is a baby bottle, baby rattle and a baby carriage. These images are associated with both the male gender and female gender. The message also indicates that it is a neutral gender greeting card as it uses “baby” and no specific pronouns. The overall tone of this card is new hopes, dreams and new happiness that comes along with a newborn child. The last greeting card in the Appendix A has a colour scheme of yellow, green, and purple. On the cover of the greeting card there are stuffed animals. These animals include: giraffe, lion, elephant and teddybear. The written message also uses the idea of that a newborn baby comes with new hopes, and desires. The overall tone of the card is new happiness. Pink is mainly associated with the female gender, while the colour blue is associated with the male gender. By observing the neutral gender cards, one can observe many similarities between them. For an example, the neutral gender cards mainly used the colour yellow, green, purple or grey. The reason behind this is that none of these colours are related to one specific gender. In other words both sexes related to these colours. At Dollarama, when looking at the quantities of gendered greeting cards to neutral gender greeting cards, there were way more gendered greeting cards for sale than neutral gender greeting cards. This can be due to many influential factors, such as social and cultural differences, as well as business related factors. Maybe more people buy gender specific greeting cards than gender neutral greeting cards. However the cause of this cannot be guaranteed until further research is conducted.
Expecting parents fuss over stocking toy chests with dolls or monster trucks, and filling closets with lacy dresses or corduroy pants months before the arrival of their newborn. They already have predetermined every single aspect of their child, such as interests, self-expression, and actions. These fixed visions are conjured by a simple syllable uttered by the doctor: “Boy” or “Girl”; and each person is expected to fulfill these visions or face opposition. The short stories “Shouldn't I Feel Pretty?” and “The Yellow Wallpaper”, written by Ivan Coyote and Charlotte Perkins Gilman respectively, gives insight as to how these social norms trigger oppression, especially to those who express dissent from them.
In order to fully comprehend the how gender stereotypes perpetuate children’s toys, one must understand gender socialization. According to Santrock, the term gender refers to the, “characteristics of people as males and females” (p.163). An individual is certainly not brought into the world with pre-existing knowledge of the world. However, what is certain is the belief that the individual has regarding him- or herself and life stems from socialization—the development of gender through social mechanisms. For instance, when a baby is brought into this world, his or her first encounter to gender socialization arises when the nurse places a blue or pink cap on the baby’s head. This act symbolizes the gender of the baby, whether it is a boy (blue cap) or a girl (pink cap). At the age of four, the child becomes acquai...
Auster, Carol, and Claire Mansbach. "The Gender Marketing Of Toys: An Analysis Of Color And Type Of Toy On The Disney Store Website." Sex Roles 67.7/8 (2012): 375-388. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 30 Apr. 2014.
Gender tends to be one of the major ways that human beings organize their lives” (Lorber 2). Throughout the article Judith Lorber talked about how gender construction starts right at birth and we decide how the infant should dress based on their genitalia. The authors ideas relates to my life because my friend is about to have a baby girl in a couple of weeks from now and when she is born we are buying her all girly stuff so that everyone else knows she is a girl. My family has already bought her bows for her hair, dresses, and everything was pink and girly. Since society tells us that infants should wear pink and boys should wear blue we went with it. I never thought about this until reading this article and I noticed that gender construction does in fact start right at birth.
Adding to her ethos appeals, shire uses facts ,she points out that in Kramra included in her letter that in the “classic costumes sections for toddlers on Party City’s website around 30 percent of the costumes for boys are related to professions while just under 7 percent are in the girls’ sections.These facts are a logically support of her claim that halloween has somehow become a lightning rod for gender politics. The details and the numbers build an appeal to logos and impress upon the reader that this is a problem should be discuss and
In the article The gender Marketing of toys: An Analysis of Color and Type of Toy on the Disney Store Website, Auster and Mansbach conducted research to examine the gender marketing of toys on the internet. They looked at what characteristics of “boys and girls” toys share, such as color of toy, type of toy, and witch toys were labeled for girls and boys. The pre - research of this study suggested that children are making gender distinctions of themselves and their group based on the types of toys that are bought for them. Bright and darker colors are meant as a distinction for “boy” toys, while pastel colors are meant for “girl” toys. The previous research also suggested that toys for boys and girls express traditional gender roles and that gender neutral toys are more likely to
This is because children tend to be the major audience of Disney films. The author’s main claim is that typical stereotyped gender roles of Disney’s princess films has evolved from 1937 of Snow White and the Seven Dwarves to the most recent film, The Princess and the Frog released in 2009. Princes and the princesses, the main characters of the films in the past were depicted as they were more fit into the stereotyped gender roles: princes tended to be more masculine whereas princesses were emphasized for their femininity. The author provides support through suggesting other academic theoretical views stating how Disney’s princess line affects children’s development of gender roles. The purpose of the study is to show how characteristics of princes and princesses from Disney’s films have changed over the time. The author then introduces the results of the study saying that it is explicit that princes showed masculine characteristics in older films while princesses emphasized their femininity in the past. However, both characteristics have slightly mixed in current films. The warrant that the author uses is that children can be also stereotyped by Disney films due to their susceptibility and flexibility toward such information. Therefore, the huge market of Disney’s merchandises has significant influences on children’s cognitive development of gender perception. This is due to the fact that they are both the most targeted consumers of its market and watchers of the films
The store that the research was conducted at was the Wal-Mart Supercenter located on 151 SW 184th Ave, Pembroke Pines, FL. Date visited was on Thursday, March 19, 2014. It was done at approximately 6:45 pm and ended at 8:12pm; so it was approximately two hours long. The research method used to conduct it was by going down each aisle and counting how many different types of toys that is seen that represents the following: weapons, Baby Dolls, Barbie Cooking Accessories, Buildings for Living or Shopping (Houses/RVs/Bakeries), Cash Registers, Clothing Accessories (Shirts, Shoes, Etc.), Hair accessories, Royalty, Remote Control Vehicles or acing Vehicles, Animals portrayed as “scary, mean, or aggressive”, Military and Animals portrayed as “comforting, pretty, or loving.” Then within these categories, a differentiation between girls and boys was accounted for.
The differences in the toys geared for boys in contrast to the toys geared towards girls are very different and have a strong influence in defining gender roles. Playing is one of the most effective and influential aspects to child development as they enhance both communicative, intellectual and social skills. Unfortunately, many times these toys are gender specific and set a foundation for gender roles and contribute to shaping children’s personality from a very young age. The toys are gender specific in terms of the colors, types, the images on the toys, how the toys are decorated along with what kinds of phrases or messages accompany the toy.
There are fashionable furniture and decorations in the room, all of them in gender-neutral colors. The family is well-dressed in soft blues and white. Every face in the ad is adorned with a tremendous smile. The caption in the upper-left corner describes “dad” as cool and a best friend, bike fixer, swim coach, tent builder, and hug giver rolled into one. Or two. The family includes a young daughter and son who appear Hispanic, and their two Caucasian fathers, approximately in their thirties. This stylish clothing advertisement not only sells JCPenney’s clothes, but also challenges the conventional roles and ideas that have been imposed on the American
In the late 1980’s McDonald’s introduced a new lineup of toys in their Happy Meal promotions, now offering exclusively Barbie and Hot Wheels as toy options. They were a huge hit, making Happy Meals more popular than ever. “Is this for a boy or girl?” was added to the list of questions you were asked when ordering. This was one of the beginnings of a new form of marketing that specifically gendered toys and stereotyped interests for each gender (Faust N. Pag.). Advertisements and marketing are not the only influences in perpetuating gender stereotypes. There are numerous influences on the youth of America that aid in the stereotyping of personalities and interests for boys and girls.
When thinking about the colors blue and pink, the very first connotation for many people that arises is the sex of a child. The tradition of wrapping a baby boy with a blue towel and wrapping a baby girl with a pink towel has been carried on from generations to generations to the point that society has failed to recognize its arbitrary societal norm. Today’s feminists believe that the term gender and the act of gendering are nurtured from birth until societal norms and expectations are indoctrinated into the brains of individuals. Parents and society categorizing humans based on their sex do not end with colors nor does it end at childhood. The idea of gender being the result of social construction can be portrayed immensely in various forms such as language, media and education as they all provide many evidences to illustrate the overt distinction of the roles of male and female. The concept of masculinity and femininity are taught to children by parents, which ultimately sculpts physical and emotional behaviors of individuals. Modern day feminists have shed light to how humans has been oblivious towards the sexist and stereotypical gendering that is constantly executed by today’s culture and have taken extensive measure to make amends. Whether it is explicit or heedlessly, gendered society cannot be avoided due to constant exposure from the cultural customs. It is naïve to ignore the consequences of social construction in gender roles, as it is society that dictates the ideal concept of what it means to be a certain gender.
In this case traditional maternal attitudes and heterosexuality is greatly emphasized in the Japanese culture. Although, as previously stated the immediate research suggests that these social scripts are blown out of proportion by the Japanese media. One of the more popular misconceptions is that Japanese women, “love to be subservient”. On the contrary since the 1990’s Japan has seen an increase in feminist movements like never before. It should also be noted that, Japanese women are also some of the most educated women (Vivien, 1991). This could be a result of female making up 40% of the overall work force in Japan. Which in in-turn, lead to the prompting of the Japanese feminist movement; when the women begin to fight for more rights in the workplace. This workplace feminist can also be seen another form of outdated media, the comic. There has been a recent development of several corporate feminist comic making fun of their stuffy corporate male counterparts (Vivien,
Before a child is even born, they have already been assigned gender roles, or sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one’s status as a male or female (Conley 287). For example, at a gender reveal party the soon-to-be mother might open a box and pink confetti may shoot out. What is her baby’s gender solely based on the color of the confetti? Blue wasn’t always identified as a boy color and pink wasn’t always considered feminine. In 1927, Time magazine printed a chart highlighting gender-appropriate colors for girls and boys according to leading U.S. retailers. Filene’s (in Boston), Best & Co. (in New York City), Halle’s (in Cleveland), and Marshall Field (in Chicago) all advised parents to dress boys in pink and girls in blue (Boulton). Obviously things have changed somewhere in between 1927 and today, but gender expectations have remained relevant through those years and are still relevant to this day. Even though media can positively influence the world by putting a spotlight on confident, smart, and empowered women, most media shown today pictures unrealistic expectations for females.
Stereotyping women is not only rampant in the adult world; it also flourishes in the kiddie universe as well. Here, there are depictions of women and girls as motherly or innocent, silly, and passive. This occurs not only in popular programming on Public Broadcasting, but also on television in other countries. Mothering images on Philippine TV has shown some of the same trends that is seen in the United States. Although “Teletubbies and Barney & Friends display an equal representation in number, each show displays gender stereotyped qualities,” it is obvious that these programs are sometimes reinforcing the wrong ideas about gender roles to children, roles that feminists have been battling for almost half a century. “Both programs demonstrated clear gendered roles with males being more active and females being more social and passive. This distinction appeared most obviously in the real-life segments of both programs with women as mother or passive viewer of action. Neither program shows women or men in non-stereotypical roles, indicating at an early age children are exposed to gender-specific occupational expectations.” Each show has children as additional characters, and each episode consists of a live action activity.