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The four color theory paper essay
The four color theorem essay
The four color theory paper essay
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Graph Theory: The Four Coloring Theorem
"Every planar map is four colorable," seems like a pretty basic and easily provable statement. However, this simple concept took over one hundred years and involved more than a dozen mathematicians to finally prove it. Throughout the century that many men pondered this idea, many other problems, solutions, and mathematical concepts were created. I find the Four Coloring Theorem to be very interesting because of it's apparent simplicity paired with it's long, laborious struggle to be proved. There is a very long and eventful history that accompanies this theorem.
The concept of the Four Coloring Theorem was born in 1852 when Francis Guthrie noticed that he only needed four different colors to color in a map of England. Through his brother, Frederick, Francis communicated his discovery to De Morgan. Francis wondered if De Morgan would be able to tell him if it was true or not. De Morgan was unsure, so he asked the same question to Hamilton in Dublin. Hamilton was unable to help, so De Morgan continued to ask other prominent mathematicians. In the US, Charles Peirce attempted to prove the Four Color Conjecture in the 1860's and continued to for the remainder of his life. In 1879, Cayley wrote a paper to the Royal Geographical Society explaining the difficulties in attempting to prove the Conjecture. On July 17, 1879, a mathematician by the name of Kempe announced a proof for the Four Color Conjecture. However, eleven years later Heawood, a lecturer at Durham England, pointed out that Kempe's proof was incorrect. Along with proving Kempe wrong, Heawood was able to prove that every planar map is five colorable. In 1898, Heawood also proved that if the number of edges around a region is...
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...actually quite fun as well. They don't really have a real importance in the real world. The Four Color Theorem isn't going to save any lives or make life that much easier. However, it does make map coloring more simple by requiring only four colors.
Bibliography
(1) Fritsh, Rudolf and Gerda, The Four-Color Theorem, Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc., 1998.
(2) Harary, Frank, Graph Theory, Adison-Wesley Publishing Co., Redding, MA, 1972, p.130-131.
(3) Kainen, Paul, and Saaty, Thomas, The Four Color Problem, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Great Britain, 1977.
(4) The Four Color Theorem, http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_four_colour_theorem.html, December 10, 1999.
(5) The Four Color Theorem, Neil Robertson, Daniel P. Sanders, Paul Seymour, and Robin Thomas, http://www.math.gatech.edu/~thomas/FC/fourcolor.html, December 10, 1999.
Dyson, Michael Eric. 1996. Race rules: navigating the color line. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
2. "Color Wheel Pro: Color Meaning." Color Wheel Pro: See Color Theory in Action! Color Wheel, 22 Jan. 2001. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. .
In 1794 he was elected a member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. There he read his papers and identified the phenomenon of colour blindness, which he and his brother shared. When showed a colour spectrum besides blue and purple Dalton was only able to recognise one other colour, yellow. Or as he says ?that part of the image which others call red appears to me little more than a shade or deflect of light. After that the orange, yellow and green seem one colour which descends pretty uniformly from an intense to a rare yellow, making what I should call different shades of yellow?
Kaplan, Ian. "Primary Colors by Anonymous (Joe Klein)." Primary Colors by Anonymous (Joe Klein). Alexa, 26 July 1996. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. .
However, thanks to in depth pursuit of this topic by scientists, especially Ramachandran and Hubbard the validity of such statements has been proven. One test they developed to test the ability of people to pair colors with the site of ordinary numbers involved printing up sheets with similar numbers, like 2 and 5. Many people claimed to see a certain color when presented with the number 2 and a different color when shown 5.
Newton, Henry, and William Winsor. "Spotlight on Colour: Flake White." Winsor&Newton. N.p., 2011. Web. 30 Apr. 2014.
Flannery O’Conner, a winner of the National Book Award for fiction, was a prominent Southern Gothic short story author whose works deal with the protagonist, usually having a deformity or disability, is met with a challenge of faith and a conflict of intelligence. Although both challenge and conflict are found in all of her works, however it is very apparent with in Good Country People and The Lame Shall Enter First. O’Conner uses character relations and minor characters that are broken prophets to generate and create each story.
State University Press, 1989. http://www. Gioia, Dana, & Kennedy, X. J. Eds. of the book. (1999)
Jenkins, Jason. "Walt Disney (NYSE: DIS): A Fairy Tale Growth Story." Investment U RSS. N.p., 16 May
(1) Michel G. Rukstad, David Collis; The Walt Disney Company: The Entertainment King; Harvard Business School; 9-701-035; Rev. January 5, 2009
The puritans were a group of settlers that came to America in the 1620’s from the Netherlands. They had previously immigrated from England to the Netherlands to escape their idea of religious intolerance and the form of Protestantism that was practiced. They also believed that England was a place of sin and was damaging their children. The Puritans left the Netherlands for Virginia for the same reasons and to reform the Church of England a little over a decade later. Slowly more and more members made their way to America in search of purification of the church. Although the main reason for coming to the New World was to escape religious rigidity of England and to create a utopian society based on the true teachings of the bible, the puritans had created a society that was just as unrelenting as the religious and political practices that they had left. The Puritans wanted to be a society that would set an example to others by honoring god and living a moral life, and while they did create a society that flourished economically and politically, their religious views lead to that of intolerance and inequality.
In his poem 'Mending Wall', Robert Frost presents to us the thoughts of barriers linking people, communication, friendship and the sense of security people gain from barriers. His messages are conveyed using poetic techniques such as imagery, structure and humor, revealing a complex side of the poem as well as achieving an overall light-hearted effect. Robert Frost has cleverly intertwined both a literal and metaphoric meaning into the poem, using the mending of a tangible wall as a symbolic representation of the barriers that separate the neighbors in their friendship.
The "Mending Wall" is the opening poem in Robert Frost's second book entitled, North of Boston. The poem portrays the casual part of life as seen by two farmers mending their wall. A great number of people might look at "Mending Wall" and see a simple poem about a simple aspect of life. If this is truly the case then why are so many drawn to the poem and what is found when more than a superficial look is spent on Robert Frost's work? The "Mending Wall" is an insightful look at social interactions as seen in the comparison of the repeated phrases and the traditional attitudes of the two farmers.
Robert Frost was one of the most famous and important poets of the 20th century and his poem “Mending Wall” was published in 1914. It is one of his longer poems and it is written in blank verse. The poem was in Frost’s second collection of poetry. My reading process for this poem was over the course of a week and a half. My first reading was right after I had first seen the poem and then I waited three days until my next reading. Then I read the poem and wrote about it on a daily basis. In the beginning of my reading experience I thought the poem was literal in the sense of an actual wall. But after a few more readings I really starting looking at it in more of a metaphorical sense. By the end of my readings I had concluded that the poem was in a metaphorical sense.
Livescience. “Red-Green & Blue-Yellow: The Stunning Colors You Can't See.” Livescience.com. 2014. Web. 30 October 2013. .