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Essay on the history of psychology
Essays on the history of psychology
Essay on personality theories
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Theory of Personality Paper Gordon Allport, a man who is renowned in history for revolutionizing the psychological field of study builds on a very assorted background. Allport enters the psychological field of study at a very young age and pursues his degree in the field that develops further. The life of such a man is one of epic proportions going from a child who was one out of four siblings to a founder of a psychological field. Throughout his life Allport has had to overcome several hurdles which are highlighted through his journey as the inspiration, development, psychological breakthrough and the lasting effects that he has made in history. All of which have crafted and developed Allport and his perceptions of the world into what …show more content…
Unlike several other theorists Allport focuses on the conscious emotions and actions that a person has and diverges upon them through the human psyche. Allport even determined that there are hundreds of traits that exist within every human and that there are some that exhibit more frequently and have a stronger influence than others. These traits all can fit into his three levels of traits of central, secondary and cardinal, a complex system that was all created by one man through his dedication and studies. Along with the traits the renowned theorist is also famous for the discovery of the motivation behind a person’s behavior that he categorizes as genotypes and phenotypes. Allport also began to diverge between the system of psychology through diverging between the motives that drive people and identified the reasoning’s behind these emotions. All of the ideas and influences that Allport brought about seemed to all be thanks to his specific ideas on the …show more content…
A lot of his work transitioned over to the current time period and continue to grow and influence the way that we as humans view the human psyche. All those that follow Allport’s teachings have diverged with their own variation of the subject that will continue to grow independently. There are several different contributions to the topic of personality that includes heredity against the environment, Freedom against determinism and optimistic against pessimistic. All made through influential psychologists that include Raymond Cattell, Thomas Pettigre, Stanley Milgram, and many more some of which were students that were taught by Allport himself to take his world famous teachings and configure them to create an even greater impact. Allport’s contributions have made significant effects on the current time period through to the next generation by not only giving the new thoughts of personality but also through the belief that you can create your own
Many psychologists throughout many years present theoretical approaches in an attempt to understand personality. Hans Eysenck’s approach of personality differed from that of Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytical theory of personality. Eysenck’s theory of personality relies on the scientific basis of biology in explaining human personality. Although Freud’s theories are intriguing to an open mind, Eysenck’s approach made measurable scientific sense. He relied on the use of trait and factor analysis, which is a statistical method. Freud relied on faith and his personal opinions based on observational research to reach the assumptions that set forth his theories (Feist & Feist, 2009). Eysenck and Freud did not agree on anything about understanding how and why the mind operates the way, it does.
Complete Psychology. Dubai: Hodder-Stoughton EVANS. R.I. (1981). Dialogue with Gordan Allport. New York: Praeger.
Famous psychological theorists Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers were both the greatest researchers in our modern time. They both made a lot of advancement in psychological fields, clinical evidence and expertise. They both developed a theory of 'hidden' personality’, in which the psychologists theorized that people have a ‘hidden' personality within them, one which they are not aware of. This concept indicated that the human nature and the role play in rationale behind the human motivation. Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers do have same common in their theories. They were both influenced by working within their patients and shared the familiarity through the many years of clinical performance. Based on their experimental studies, Sigmund Freud believed that the human nature is inherently aggressive, and Carl Rogers sustained that the people are innately are good. Indeed, Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers have diverse opinions and different assumptions on the personality of a human. During the contemporary scientific research, I prefer to agree with Roger’s theory over the Freudian model because it is more in tune with findings of my experiences.
The nomothetic theories of personality are widely used in many areas of modern life, including marketing, employment and education. Many companies use pre-hire psychometric assessment tools based on nomothetic theories of personality to cut down on hiring time and lower the costs of hiring. The term “nomothetic” comes from the Greek word “nomos” meaning “law” McLeod, S. A. (2007). These theories look for universal laws of behaviour. Being able to predict behaviour is the major purpose of these theories. Psychologists categorise human personality into ‘traits’. A trait is assumed a relatively stable characteristic of an individual and it influences behaviour in a particular direction.
Raymond B. Cattell (1906-1998) studied the personality traits of large groups of people, calling the visible features of their personalities “surface traits.” During his studies, Cattell observed that certain “surface traits” would appear simultaneously in individuals. When Cattell noticed this trend occurring frequently he renamed the group of “surface traits” “source traits”. At the conclusion of his research Cattell identified sixteen “source traits.”
I agree with the humanistic theory when it comes to motivations to become better and achieve goals being factors in our personalities. We act in ways we believe will get us to where we want to go. Continuing, I strongly believe what we experience throughout our life shapes us. What we witness in our lives can change the way we act or open our eyes to something new and it contributes to our personality. I also agree with the psychodynamic theory, I believe we all have unconscious desires that we repress but still drive us to be the people we are. I do believe each person has characteristics that make up a personality, but I think that those characteristics are learnt through experiences. That is what personality is to
Major contributors to the trait theory of personality include three prominent psychologists. Boeree (2006) states that American born psychologist Gordon Allport has been described as the founding father of personality trait theory. Allport’s distinguished career included him holding presidency of the American Psychological Association (APA) and receiving the Gold Medal Award and a Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the APA (Carducci, 2009, p. 260). After meeting with Sigmund Freud in 1922 and studying his interpretation of personality, Allport developed the opinion that psychoanalysis was too in-depth while behaviourism was far too shallow in the field of personality psychology. It was this insight that lead Allport to develop his own theory of personality (Ewen, 2003, p. 260). According to Ewen (2003), in 1936 Allport used just one dictio...
What is personality? Are humans born with a personality or does it develop over time through personal experience? Each person has unique characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that stay consistent over time and across situations. Over the years, psychologists have approached the study of personality in many ways. Some psychologists set out to understand how personality develops, while others set out to understand why there are differences in personality. Humans are complex beings, changing in different situations and with different people, which makes personality too complex to easily be described. However, psychologists focus on studying the internal and external aspects of a person’s character that influence
In all historical aspects, psychology can show us the diverse ranges of how it is evolving throughout our world today. Ancient Greeks and philosophers in the 4th century, show us the early development of personality psychology. They wanted to figure out what actually makes us who we are. Aristotle was one of the first individuals to hypothesize connections between physical aspects of the body and behavior. Today there are many different theoretical vi...
Cardinal traits are the traits that most powerfully influence an individual. They may define someone both internally and externally, meaning that people surrounding the individual may associate a person by this trait but not always. To have an incredibly overwhelming cardinal trait driving an individual is somewhat rare but an example may be someone who is known and defined by their innate friendliness towards others. Central traits on the other hand are smaller, more building block-like units of an individual’s personality. These traits are typically descriptive of someone’s behaviors like if they are nice, intelligent, or rude. Secondary traits are the weakest and least impressionable of all the traits. They’re typically brought on by situations like if an individual won’t make eye contact with someone they’ve just met or if they play with their hands while they’re nervous.
Applying the tenets of this theory to personality, Skinner felt that our environment and society shapes who we are and the personality traits that we develop. Instead of changing our internal response...
My favorite theory of personality is Carl Rogers’ person-centered theory. “Rogers believed that within each of us is an active, controlling drive toward fulfillment of our potentials that enables us to maintain and enhance ourselves.” I feel this relates to my Christian faith because I am constantly “maintaining and enhancing toward fulfillment.” I strive daily to be a good Christian and a good student. I have mentioned in other assignments that I am a work in progress and I believe we all are. The priest at my hometown church, Fr. Renato Cruz, always adds after he gives us a goal to accomplish that “the rewards are out of this world.”
We tend to describe and assess the personalities of the people around us on an everyday basis. While our informal assessments of personality tend to focus more on individuals, personality psychologists instead use ideas of personality that can apply to everyone. Personality research has led to the development of a number of theories such as: Erikson with ‘Ego Psychology’, developing the eight stages of ‘Ego strength’, Freud with ‘Psychoanalytical ideology’, developing ‘defense mechanisms’, and Horney with ‘Neurosis’ developing ‘The Etiology of Neuroses in the family.’ These theories like many other help explain how and why certain personality traits develop.
Introspection of oneself could be interesting and moderately to an extent challenging to put into words. There are many factors that influences who we are as an individual or as a part of a group. Generally speaking I believe we all wear several masks that portray us in different ways according to our settings and who we are around. Ever since I was able to get allowances and old enough to work, I invested in cameras in order to capture the various aspects of my life. I always thought I would reflect back on them to describe the moments, where I was in my life and my views during those moments. I could describe myself as many things; an outgoing, shy, caring, loyal, trustworthy, kind, an altruistic and conscientious person and etc. These are the ways I view myself, while others might have a different prospective of me. Gazing through the six pictures of myself reflects my perceived self-control, self-concept and self-presentation at the different stages within my life.
The concept of personality has numerous definitions (Fatahi, Moradi, & Kashani-Vahid, 2016). Schultz and Schultz (2009), define personality in its broad sense as the manner of an individual’s behaviour in different situations. This essay explores the nature of personality, with the intention of highlighting its flexibility. The results of numerous empirical research studies are examined in order to investigate if, and how personality changes over time. It will be argued that an individual’s personality has the ability to change throughout their life.