In this 21st century, access to basic sanitation remains as a challenge to leaders despite advancement in modern science and technology. It cannot be denied that many people living in certain regions of the world still practice open defecation. Around 2.5 billion people in the world are still without access to improved sanitation and 75% of these people are living in rural area4. Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) Report 2012 points out that the two thirds of people practicing open defecation are living in Southern Asia. The report also indicates that 45% of the population living in Sub-Saharan Africa do not have access to basic sanitation.
It is essential to understand the term basic sanitation first. In this context, basic sanitation can be defined as improved sanitation and the examples include flush toilet, composting toilet or ventilated improved pit latrine4. Access to basic sanitation determines the qualities of health of communities and affects child survival. Besides, non-hygienic management of human excreta may pollute river and other water sources which will threaten ecological balance.
It is estimated that 10% of the global diseases can be avoided if safe drinking water and good sanitation is provided.3 Global sanitation problem also marks the occurrence of poverty in terms of material deprivation. Furthermore, gender inequalities also exist where women need travel long distances to get water for their families.2 Therefore, development of better sanitation facilities can reduce their time on this non-productive work and improves the security and health of women.
In view of the contribution of sanitation, United Nation has included sanitation into Millennium Development Goal (MDG), which is to ‘halve by 2015 the prop...
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27. Ciulla, J.B. (2005). The state of leadership ethics and the work that lies before us. Business Ethics: A European Review [Online]. Available at http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt/LeadershipEthics/CuillaBEER06.pdf [Accessed 20/04/12].
28. UN News Centre. Available at http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38783&Cr=sanitation&Cr1 [Accessed 20/04/12].
29. ADB (2009). India Sanitation for All: How to Make It Happen. Asian Development Bank, pp 12-4.[Online]. Avaolable at http://cis.uchicago.edu/outreach/summerinstitute/2010/documents/sti2010-tata-indias-sanitation-for-all.pdf [Accessed 15/04/12].
Furthermore, more lives could be lost due to the spreading of diseases. With such extreme lacks of sanitation, clean water...
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Many people grab a water bottle to go as they head to life as normal, others in developing countries spend their lives searching for water that is rarely found. Even if they do obtain water, it is seldom clean and usually comes with the risk of disease. As more developed countries pay a dollar or so for a bottle of water, others in less fortunate places worship water as if it is gold. As many children around the world attend a privileged school everyday, the idea of missing school due to water-borne illness never crosses their mind, yet for those in less fortunate countries, it is a gift to have the strength and health to attend school on a regular basis.
...-income countries. The overall mean score reflected intermediate level of progress. Most facilities were at intermediate or advanced levels showing a 65% of progress. Hand hygiene compliance was measured through direct observation in 59% of facilities and alcohol-based hand rub consumption was regularly monitored in 53%. Posters featuring hand hygiene indications and technique were displayed in the vast majority of facilities.
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Seeing the look on that young man’s face had been just enough to want to explore more into this topic of sanitation. What makes sanitation so complex is that in order to have a proper sewage system, it would take billions of dollars to achieve full water borne in all countries. Also being able to keep up with the growth of urban areas would have to be a full blown investment. According to Water & Sanitation for the Urban Poor, sanitation progress has only increased 5% since 1990. Not to mention that 1 in 4 city residents worldwide live without improved sanitation which is about 2.5 billion people (WSUP, 2016). This means that more people in the world lack sanitation that the people who actually do have proper sanitation. Just sitting here pondering that is absolutely mind-blowing to me, that in 2016 many parts of the world are still struggling to achieve sanitation and clean
Measures to expand and improve public delivery systems of drinking water, contributing to a reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with enteric diseases, because these diseases are associated directly or indirectly with providing substandard water or poor provision water. Currently, 1,400 million people lack access to safe drinking water and nearly 4,000 billion lack adequate sanitation. According to estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO), 80% of diseases are transmitted through contaminated water.
As mentioned cholera is seen in developing countries, it is especially rampant in Sub-Sahara Africa and South East Asia. The main cause of Cholera having epidemic proportion in developing countries is due to unclean and infected water source. We can see Cholera running rampant in disaster and refugee setting where people are cramped in a small space and the unsanitary conditions. A study done by WHO in India has seen epidemic conditions of Cholera outbreaks. They mostly have a seasonal outbreaks, most of the cases are not reported and seem to be unregistered. Findings Of India's 35 states or union territories, 21 reported cholera cases during at least one year between 1997 and 2006. The state of West Bengal reported cases during all 10 years, while the state of Maharashtra and the union territory of Delhi reported cases during nine, and Orissa during seven. There were 68 outbreaks in 18 states, and 222 038 cases were detected overall. This figure is about six times higher than the number reported to WHO (37 783) over the same period. The states of Orissa, West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam and Chhattisgarh accounted for 91% of all outbreak-related cases. India has problems with sewage management, food and water safety is not monitored.
The consumption of contaminated water can be dangerous for health reasons and several people have passed away from these water-borne diseases. Some of these diseases include Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery, Giardiasis, and Malaria. These unfortunate diseases are currently the cause of numerous deaths, especially in small children. The availability of clean water can prevent many problems in low-income communities. The available resources for clean water are very rare, so these water sources need to pass through a process of water sanitation in order to just be sustainable to drink, “The world’s surface is made up of approximately 80% water, which is an indestructible substance.
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Another problem for people of Africa is clear access to clean water. Clean drinking water is very rare for the people of Africa. Unclean water and sanitation problem leads to many diseases in African countries. Main problem which occurs due to unclean water is child morality. Around 2000 children’s die from diarrhoea which spread due to poor sanitatio...