II) Introduction
The first federal gift tax was introduced in The Revenue Act of 1862, and used to meet the revenue demands of the Civil War. Until 1916 it was seldom used by the federal government except during wartime and in certain circumstances to boost the economy. The gift tax went largely unchanged, instead the federal government focused mainly on estate and inheritance taxes until The Revenue Act of 1924. At that time the rate schedule mirrored the gift tax and had a lifetime exclusion of $50,000 and an annual exclusion of $500 per donee. As we will see the gift tax has had multiple statutory changes throughout the years. For the most part this tax has had no real arguments against its constitutionality. The biggest
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The tax applies whether the donor intends the transfer to be a gift or not.”The gift tax applies to a gift of money or property, and even the use of or income from property. Should you make any transfer where full consideration is not received in return then it is a gift, there are however certain things that are excluded from the gift tax. First, as mentioned earlier the annual exclusion, tuition and medical bills paid for someone else, gifts to your spouse, and gifts to political …show more content…
Morgens died on August 25, 2002, but made transfers in 2000 and 2001 into a trust. Her estate tax return was timely filed (on extension) on November 24, 2003. Under the “gross-up rule,” a decedent's gross estate includes all gift taxes paid by the decedent within three years of her death. Conversely, the return filed by the Estate did not include, as part of the gross estate, the gift taxes shown as paid on Mrs. Morgens' 2000 and 2001 gift tax returns. The Commissioner determined a deficiency based on the failure to include the gift tax in the gross estate, and issued a notice of deficiency accordingly. The Estate petitioned the Tax Court for a redetermination.
The Eighth Circuit noted the purpose of §2035(b)—to prevent deathbed transfers from decreasing the taxable estate —and stated that because “[t]he assets which were used to pay the gift tax would have been part of the gross estate if the gift had never been made ... the entire amount of the gift tax [is] properly included [in the estate] under § 2035(b).” Thus, that court concluded that gift tax paid by a donee under a net gift arrangement—where the donee was obligated to pay the gift tax—was nonetheless paid by the decedent for the purposes of § 2035(b)'s gross-up
We started our research by reading through the discussions posted within the Topic of Research. From there we read the recommended pages of the text, 20-2, 20-3, and 20-4 regarding the liquidation process. Using the CCH Tax Research Network, we used a selected content search, Federal Tax--Federal Tax Editorial Content--Standard Federal Tax Reporter (2014), to research the following laws: Section 331(a), 336(a), and 6901(a). We also used the Citator in CCH to review the facts and decisions shown in the liquidation cases of Kennemer and Al Zuni of Arizona.
Legal issues The legal issues that the Court was required to answer included: Did the Court have the jurisdictional basis for the application of a distribution order, or was the jurisdiction contained to the Supreme Court of Victoria? Was the deceased an ‘Indigenous person’ as determined by s.101 of the Succession Amendment (Intestacy) Act 2009 (NSW)? Was reasonable notice of the proceedings given to all persons reasonably supposed to have interest in their
Of the seven deadly sins, the one that has plagued the United States the most throughout its history is greed.. Greed -- i.e., "the excessive desire to possess wealth or goods with the intention of keeping it for oneself." – can be seen in 1614, when Thomas Hunt sailed to Spain from his expedition in America with a ship packed with Patuxet Indians, bound to be sold into slavery. It can also be seen in 1773 as a major factor of the Boston Tea Party, where King George III was yearning for more control over colonial governments and hungry for the revenue from it. Greed can also be seen in 1830 during the Indian removal act, where President Andrew Jackson (backed by many other white Americans) signed a law that forced the five civilized tribes (Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee, Seminole, and Chickasaw) off of their land and dragged to different territories in Oklahoma. In each of those instances, greed served as the ultimate cause of behavior. Despite the many factors that played a significant role in the American Civil War, greed once again served as the catalyst and ultimate cause of the American Civil War. While anti-slavery movements, the idea of states' rights and the vision of "one union" each represented powerful arguments (or justifications for plunging the United States into civil war), the ultimate cause stemmed from fundamental differences between the "North and South" over control of economic power – i.e., modes of production, property, and money.
In Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., the U.S. Supreme Court declared certain taxes on incomes – such as those on property under the 1894 Act – to be unconstitutionally unapportioned direct taxes. The Court reasoned that a tax on income from property should be treated as a tax on "property by reason of its ownership" and so should be required to be apportioned. The reasoning was that taxes on the rents from land, the dividends from stocks, and so forth, burdened the property generating the income in the same way that a tax on "property by reason of its ownership" burdened that property.
Although the American Civil War mainly occurred because of slavery, the fact is that slavery had a lot to do with economic and social issues.
The third paragraph contains three separate powers of appointment. The first power of appointment is granted by Roosevelt when he request that his executors “collect and receive the rents, profits, interest and income, and apply them to the use of my wife, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, during her life.” Roosevelt, the donor, is giving a power of appointment to his executors (his wife and two sons – who are donees) that require them to use the income generated to provide for his wife.
Guillot asserts that Lisa began to review Desvigne Sr.’s bank records and discovered that Janet Desvigne, Desvigne Sr.’s power of attorney, had given Solomon an additional $17,000.00 before the testator passed away. As a result, Guillot filed a “Motion for Accounting” to determine what happened with said funds. Janet was never officially deposed but informed counsel that the funds were allegedly placed in Janet’s personal bank account; Janet then forwarded a payment of $17,000.00 to Solomon. Guillot doesn’t recall if Janet explained why Solomon asked for the money. To date Solomon has failed to respond to Guillot’s and bar counsel’s inquiry regarding the $17,000.00. Guillot was able to provide this office with a copy of the check Janet wrote out to Solomon on September 16, 2013. The check was made out to “Solomon Law Order” on September 16, 2013 for $17,000.00
Taxes have been paid since almost the beginning of human civilization. Ancient Mesopotamia taxed its citizens in the form of livestock nearly 4500 years ago. Egypt, China, Rome, and Greece are a few other cultures that have had taxation. (Tax History, the Definition of Income Taxes, a Taxucation, n.d.) As old and as common as taxation is, the United States hasn’t always taxed its citizens. The American colonies decided to leave the British Empire and start their own nation in part due to the unfair taxation of American citizens by the British government. It makes sense that a national tax after the Revolutionary War with Britain wasn’t immediately implemented. Our tax system wasn’t introduced until the Civil War in 1861 and then made into an Amendment in 1913.
Taxation has always been a major controversy. Just like any major corporation, the government is constantly looking to raise revenue. The easiest and fairest way to do this is by taxing the people. However, how the people will be taxed is always an issue.
The charitable contribution deduction was added to the Internal Revenue Code in 1917, however it has undergone substantial revision in the time proceeding. The purpose of this deduction is to encourage giving to nonprofits by providing a tax incentive to individuals who donate. The deductible amount depends on the taxpayer’s marginal tax rate, giving those in a higher tax bracket a higher deduction for their contribution. It is important to note that this deduction applies only to individuals who choose to itemize on their tax returns, instead of taking the standard deduction. Therefore, wealthy households benefit most from the charitable contribution deduction tax incentive. Over the past decade, there has been discussion and several proposals
change. "On the first of the year they mailed her a tax notice. February came
Estate taxes are taxes on a person’s estate when they person die. Inheritance tax is a tax on the property or things that someone has passed on to someone else.
2. It is possible that he doesn’t keep records and pay taxes on estimated basis or may not pay and also his business income exceeds to the exempted limit. In that case:
For Human Service Professionals it is very important that we understand our boundaries for gift giving or receiving. If we begin to take gifts or receive them this could potentially cause an ethical problem however if we try to be that super ethical person we could possibly damage one’s therapeutic relationship. What is recommended is that each situation is looked at case by case to determine if appropriate to give or receive gifts.
5. Will or Inheritance: With a valid will, the person is named in it will possess the property of assignor after his/her death. Without a valid will, the property of a death person will be given to the heirs as provided in the state’s inheritance statute.