Geological investigation is the first step towards the completion of a building and is considered as the most important step as it identifies the feasibility of an area for construction and determines how the foundations and preventive measurements to be set up for the building. According to Sadhi (2012), one-third of the construction projects are delayed and half of over-tender cost on road projects are due to inadequate geological investigation or poor interpretation of the data. According to Ferrer Geological Consulting (n.d.), geological investigation is mandatory to ensure an adequate design of maximum safety concern and optimum economy benefit to be made and saving on the geological investigation budget is proven to be false economies. As illustrated in Figure 1, the process of geological investigation involve conducting a desk study and reconnaissance of the proposed site, conducting a preliminary geological investigation, preparing a detailed geological investigation plan, carrying out a detailed geological investigation and preparing a soil exploration report.
Desk study and reconnaissance of site are conducted as the first step of geological investigation. Generally, all available maps and documents pertaining to a site have to be reviewed (Kehew, 1995). Subsequently, Jackson (1968) indicated that with all the information on the type of project to be executed, key geological and environment hazards at optional sites and possible site visits are identified. Using information from topographical and geological maps, aerial and terrestrial photographs and any previous nearby investigation reports, accessibility of the site and the nature of drainage into and from it is identified, indication about the subsoil stratification ...
... middle of paper ...
...14(3), 62-64.
Pye, K. (2007). Geological and soil evidence: Forensic applications. London, UK: Taylor & Francis Group.
Raj, J. K. (1994). Geological investigation practice in Malaysia. Geological Society Malaysia Bulletin, 35(4), 38-42.
Robinson, A. H., Morrison, J. L., Muehrcke, P. C., Kimerling, A. J. & Guptill, S. C. (1995). Elements of cartography. New York, US: John Wiley.
Sadhi, F. (2012). Peat aquifer resources. Master Plan for Rural Water Supply, 3(2), 222-231.
Selby, M. J. (1993). Hillslope materials and processes. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Stump, E. (1991). Geological investigations in Northern Victoria land. Victoria, Australia: American Geophysical Union.
Tergazhi, K. & Peck, R. B. (1967). Soil mechanics in engineering practice (2nd ed.). New York, US: John Wiley.
West, T. R. 1995. Geology Applied to Engineering, New Jersey, US: Prentice Hall.
Marshak, S. (2009) Essentials of Geology, 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, ch. 11, p. 298-320.
The site visited on this day was informally known as the Bedrock Knob (NTS grid reference: 120 342). It is in an area where patches of limestone and exposed bedrock are common. The bedrock is part of the Preca...
To identify the specific type, functions and time period of the artifacts, various archaeology books, reports, and journal were referred. The interpretation was then conducted by dividing the artifacts into different area on the map and investigating their relationships.
Now that we’ve made our way through the journey of Ken Jennings’ incredible book I feel as if it’s important for me to try to sway you to become more involved in geography. It’s a truly fascinating subject and can take you places you never thought you could ever visit. If you don’t want to leave your home, at least buy an atlas, map, or visit Google Earth. You never know what you could discover in your journey. If you don’t think maps or an atlas is your thing, you never know if you never try. Jennings created a journey, for me I would have never cared to take had it not been assigned as a college class assignment, but now I’m so glad I did. Jennings shined a different light on geocaching, and map hunting. He made it fun, interesting, and overall thrilling.
Van Siclen, D. "The Houston Fault problem." Institute of Professional Geologists. Ed. 3rd Annual Meeting. Texas, 1967. p.9-31.
Hess, D., McKnight, T. L., & Tasa, D. (2011). McKnight's physical geography (Custom ed. for California State University, Northridge ; 2nd Calif. ed.). New York: Learning Solutions.
Plummer, C.C., McGeary, D., and Carlson, D.H., 2003, Physical geology (10th Ed.): McGraw-Hill, Boston, 580 p.
Historical geographer JB Harley wrote an essay on Map Deconstruction in 1989, in which Harley argues that a map is more than just a geographical representation of an area, his theory is that we need to look at a map not just as a geographical image but in its entire context. Harley points out that by an examination of the social structures that have influenced map making, that we may gain more knowledge about the world. The maps social construction is made from debate about what it should show. Harley broke away from the traditional argument about maps and examined the biases that govern the map and the map makers, by looking at what the maps included or excluded. Harley’s “basic argument within this essay is that we should encourage an epistemological shift in the way we interpret the nature of cartography.” Therefore Harley’s aim within his essay on ‘Deconstructing the Map’ was to break down the assumed ideas of a map being a purely scientific creation.
E. Bronston, "Geographic Information Systems at Peabody Western Coal Company's Black Mesa Complex," in Geospatial Conference, 2004.
...c Research Papers, 1964. Jackson, MS: Mississippi Geological, Economic and Topographical Survey, 1964. 15. Print.
8. Mark, T., & Carter, D.O. (2010). Cadaver Decompossition and Soil: Processes. Soil Analysis in Forensic Taphonomy: Chemical and Biological Effects of Buried Human Remains (p. 35-36). CRC Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.es/books?id=aksRkfr1d6kC
Eckel, Edwin B., ed. Nevada Test Site. Memoir 110 Boulder, CO: The Geological Society of America, 1968
United States Geologic Survey. USGS: Your Source for Science You Can Use. Ed. Marcia McNutt. The United States Department of the Interior, 2000. Web. 20 June 2010. .
Hussey, Russell C. Historical Geology: The Geologic History of North America. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1947. 379. Print
De, Blij Harm J., and Peter O. Muller. Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts. New York: J. Wiley, 1997. 340. Print.