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Reactive attachment disorder essay
Generalist intervention model is important
Generalist intervention model is important
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Generalist Intervention Model Paper
Client Identification
Bobby Little is a 7-year-old male who entered into the Foster Care System when he was 5 years old. His father deceased do to a drug overdose and his mother is in prison for drug trafficking. None of his extended family was willing to provide care for him. Bobby has been placed in five different foster homes before entering the Smith home 2 months ago. His Reactive Attachment Disorder makes it difficult for him to form attachments. Despite his disorder, his foster parents are working to achieve a healthy attachment with him.
He is in the first grade at Garfield Elementary School. Bobby’s teacher explain that he dies relatively well in school. His grades are excellent as he spends
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his lunch and recess in the library working on homework and reading. Despite his stellar performance in school, Bobby has formed no relationships with any of his peers. He rarely interacts during class conversation and avoids all contact with his teacher. Engagement Reactive Attachment Disorder makes it difficult for Bobby to form relationships. With this being said, our initial engagement will be quite difficult. For the first few weeks, our interaction will be one sided. The conversation will primarily be held by the social worker in charge. To achieve a relationship, Bobby needs to meet with the same social worker each week. This will ensure that he is able form an attachment. The engagement phase will also require that the social worker explain the process to the client. This includes reviewing the rules and demonstrating that he is in a safe place. Demonstrating that the services offered through the agency are there to help Bobby, not hurt him. In the engagement phase, it is important that the social worker listen carefully to anything and everything the client may share. This is especially true when dealing with children suffering from Reactive Attachment Disorder. Do to Bobby’s age, his foster parents will be at all meetings. When engaging with his foster parents it will be important to emphasize the support offered through the agency. Demonstrating that their thoughts and feelings will be heard is also of utter importance in the engagement phase. Sally and Bill will also need to complete paperwork required for Bobby to receive care. Assessment A comprehensive assessment was completed on Bobby, which also listed the strengths the foster family brings to the situation. Bobby comes from a family in which there was significant drug and alcohol use. His father died from an overdose and his mother is in prison for drug trafficking. He lived with several family members, all of whom suffered from substance abuse problems as well. Due to the significant substance abuse, Bobby was neglected for much of his childhood. Sally and Bill Smith have been providing care for Bobby for the past 2 months, with hopes of adopting him. After the placement, Sally quit her job to stay home and provide care for Bobby. Bill is a pediatrician and has experience treating children with Reactive Attachment Disorder. After a thorough investigation, the Smiths appear to have a safe home and the financial means to provide bobby with the care he needs. Attached at the end of this document is the eight-page assessment on the client and the foster family he has been placed with.
Also attached is a genogram and an ecomap showing the many supports Bibby has.
Planning
Ordinarily, social workers would work with the client to prioritize problems and create goals. In this case, the problems will be prioritized with the foster parents and Bobby’s caseworker. After a meeting with the caseworker and foster parents the following goals were identified and prioritized: receive treatment for reactive attachment disorder, join a group or a club at school, invite a friend over for a play date, and seek out comfort when distressed.
The first and most obvious goal is to continue Bobby’s treatment for reactive attachment disorder. This was prioritized as the first choice simply because the other goals depend on the success of his treatment. Bobby’s foster family has been dedicated to his treatment plan and continue to go to family counseling to better understand how to care for a child with Bobby’s unique
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needs. The second goal we have prioritized for Bobby is that he become and active member of a club or team at school.
This can be done while receiving treatment as it does not require that he have a relationship with anyone in the team or club. It will help him to experience social skills of others and learn how to communicate with his peers. The hope is that while he actively receiving counseling and a member of a group, he will learn to form relationships.
The third goal prioritized by all members of the team was that Bobby ask a friend over for a play date. It is understood that it may be months before Bobby is able to complete this goal, which explains as to why it is prioritized third in the treatment plan. Our hope is that after receiving treatment and witnessing his peers communicate and form relationships, Bobby will have the confidence and skills he needs to form his own healthy, lasting
relationships. The fourth and final goal outlined in the treatment plan is for Bobbly to actively seek out comfort when distressed. This particular goal was prioritized last because of the difficultly is poses for Bobby. He has been unable to attach healthily to anyone around him and has learned to comfort himself when distressed. Trusting someone enough to seek comfort from them will not be an easy task to complete. It has been prioritized as the last goal because there will have been months of treatment and exposure to relationships prior to achieving this goal. It is felt that after gaining the skillset and treatment needed, Bobby will be able to achieve this goal. When working with a child with Bobby’s particular disorder it is important to emphasize the temporary aid offered by the social worker. While his case worker, counselor, and foster parents will have a permit role, the social worker will only be offering temporary services. It is important that Bobby be prepared for the termination of services, as to ensure that he does not regress in his treatment. Careful consideration was placed into the planning of the prioritization of the goals. All members of the treatment team were in agreement of the plan as it was presented. Bobby’s foster parents are taking an active role in his treatment and have agreed to continue parenting courses as they have proven to be beneficial in caring for Bobby thus far.
Jeune, G.P, McCall, S., and Hamilton, L. (2007) Understanding Looked after Children: An Introduction to Psychology for Foster Care. London: Jessica Kingsley Pub.
Another obstacle Olivia and Sabreen encounter is the lack of adult support in the foster care system. Family support is a crucial variable mediating the influence of neighborhood on a child’s development (Burton & Jarrett, 2000); nonetheless, Olivia and Sabreen receive little support and guidance and must quickly survive on their own.
Social agency and the court authorizing the placement, and caregivers are responsible for the continuing monitoring to ensure that the child in placement receives adequate care and supervision (Downs, Moore and McFadden, 2009, p.275). Services for children in foster care are a teamwork effort of the different parties involved (Downs, Moore and McFadden, 2009). Unfortunately in Antowne’s situation the agency and the court system failed him because although he was removed from his mother, the abuse and neglect continued. The systems involved did not provide the safety net Antwone needed.
David Berkowitz, otherwise known as the “Son of Sam”, was notorious for his crimes committed between 1976 and 1977 that ended the lives of six innocent victims and wounded several others in New York (“David Berkowitz Biography”, n.d.). At first, police did not make a connection between the murders because there was nothing unusual about them; all the victims were shot with a 40 caliber gun, not fairly unusual during this time or place especially since the killings were over an extended period of time. Police finally made the connection when Berkowitz began to live behind notes that were meant to tantalize authorities since they had yet to catch him (“David Berkowitz| Son of Sam Killer,” 2015). Often times, the psychological structure of a human
There is nearly 400,000 children in out-of-home care in the United States right now (Children’s Right). Just about every day children are being shipped in and out of foster homes and group homes. Most people want the best for children in foster care and decide to take care of them until their parents can possibly recover. The foster care system can have both a negative or positive effect on children, foster parents, and biological parents because of the gaps in the system. Foster cannot not be avoided but the some aspects of the foster care system can be avoided if the missing gaps were filled.
Addressing the needs of children in foster care has been an issue that has tried to be addressed in many ways. In 2001, approximately 300,000 children entered the foster care system, with the average time spent in placement equaling 33 months (Bass Shields, & Behrman, n.d.). Statistically, the longer a child is in the foster care system, the greater number of placements they will have, and instability increases each year (Bass Shields, & Behrman, n.d). I recently read a novel by a girl who was placed into the system at age two, and by age 12 she had already experienced 14 different placements (Rhodes-Courter, 2007). Stories such as this one are not uncommon in the foster care system, especially if the child is a member of a sibling group or
Criticisms of attachment theory have come mainly from the feminist schools of thought since the theory has been used to argue that no woman with a young child should work outside the home or spend time away from her baby (Goodsell and Meldrum, 2010). Children’s experience and development also depend on what happens after early years, whether bad or good later in life may change a child’s emotional development, e.g. lack of basic needs, diet, education, stimulation such as play might affect a child’s development (Rutter, 1981) Difference in cultures have to be taken into consideration as well. A study by Schaffer and Emmerson (1964) provided contradictory evidence from Bowlby’s attachment theory. They noted attachment was more prominent at eight months, and afterwards children became attached to more than one person. By one year six months only 13%of infants had one attachment. This study by Schafer and Emmerson (1964) concluded care giver can be male or female and mothering can be a shared responsibility. Social workers should therefore understand that parents are not totally responsible for the way the children develop. They did give them their genes and therefore do have some influence. Attachment theory also fails to consider the fact that the father and siblings, and other close relatives can also
Haight, Wendy L., James E. Black, Sarah Mangelsdorf, Grace Giorgio, Lakshmi tata, Sarah J. Schoppe, and Margaret Szewcyk. "Making Visits Better: The Perspective of Parents, foster Parents, and Child Welfare Workers." EBSCOhost. EBSCO, 1 Mar. 2002. Web. 13 Dec. 2013.
In understanding others, one must first understand our own family background and how it affects our understanding of the world. Conversely, family systems draw on the view of the family as an emotional unit. Under system thinking, one evaluates the parts of the systems in relation to the whole meaning behavior becomes informed by and inseparable from the functioning of one’s family of origin. These ideas show that individuals have a hard time separating from the family and the network of relationships. With a deeper comprehension of the family of origin helps with the challenges and awareness of normalized human behaviors. When interviewing and analyzing the family of origin, allow one to look at their own family of origin
Attachments are formed with parents; this contributes to give a sense of who we are and who we will become in later life. However where these attachments are broken the child needs to have a secure attachment established with an alternative adult care giver,...
As of 2014, there were over 415,000 children in the foster care system. Foster care is the raising and supervision of children in a private home, group home, or institution, by individuals engaged and paid by a social service agency (Legal Dictionary, 2016). Care givers can be of kin relationship to the child, or may not know the child at all. Group homes are run by a social worker and can house multiple children at a time. These homes are usually regulated by the state and/or government. Children of all ages go through many emotions when their lives revolve in foster care. This paper will discuss the emotions children deal with regarding separation from birth family, the effects of abuse, and the possibility of having to transition out of
Historically, reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is considered to be a rare disorder (American Academy of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), 2011). Clinical disorders of attachment did not appear in the DSM until the third edition, published in 1980 (Zeanah et al., 2004). In the fourth edition of the DSM (text revision), reactive attachment disorder was described from two different perspectives: inhibited form and disinhibited form. It was suggested that the different forms of...
Attachment is described as the close emotional bond between two people and Attachment Theory (AT) generally concentrates on the early bonds in a person’s development as well as the effects that these bonds have on later socio-emotional development. While emphasis on attachment as an antecedent for future behavior and personality has decreased somewhat in recent years, it is interesting to note that the DSM IV-TR includes a “reactive attachment disorder” which it states is caused when extreme circumstances prevent proper attachment development.
Barth, R., Crea, T., John, K., Thoburn, J. & Quinton, D. (2005). Beyond attachment theory and therapy: Towards sensitive and evidence-based interventions with foster and adoptive families in distress. Child and Family Social Work, 10, 257-268.
Justin, a boy who was raised in a dog cage until the age of five, suffered similar neglect as those mentioned earlier. Justin was kept in a dog cage and rarely interacted with his caregiver, who lacked the attachment bond needed for later development; his only attachment came from dogs (). In regards to the four factors that help strengthen the attachment between a child and caregiver, contemporary factors played a role in this situation. Contemporary factors are influenced by the abilities of an adult needed to provide a strong and stable attachment (). Justin was left in the care of his grandmother, but when his grandmother passed away, he was left in the care of Arthur, the grandmother’s boyfriend Arthur. Arthur was an elderly man who never had children and was limited on how to raise a child. Other contemporary factors such as the confidence and self-control needing to raise a child carry over into the child’s attachment development (). Within Connor’s case, he suffered neglect from birth to 18 months (). Connor had been neglected throughout all stages of development, which in result limited his ability to form a secure attachment and be able to rely on others for support and comfort. Connor was left alone throughout the day, creating an inconsistent and unstable perspective on how