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Human genome project benefits and risks
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Recommended: Human genome project benefits and risks
Human gene sequencing began in 1990 with the launch of the Human Genome Project. This project was started by the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy, and led by the National Human Genome Research Institute. Its primary task was to sequence all of the base pairs of the human genome. “A genome is an organism’s complete set of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a chemical compound that contains the genetic instructions needed to develop and direct the activities of every organism” (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2010). The goal was to have a complete picture of the human genome in order to more fully discover the role genes play in the development of diseases, and to ultimately lead the way to prevention, earlier detection and diagnosis, and more advanced medical treatments.
Several volunteers provided anonymous blood samples to be used in the project after giving consent. The project was completed in April of 2003 and the findings were made public on the internet. The Human Genome Project has already led to the discovery of more than 1,800 disease genes and there are now over 2,000 genetic tests to enable individuals to know their genetic risks and help doctors diagnose disease (National Institutes of Health, 2010).
There are many companies that now offer gene sequencing to individuals who can afford it. Most gene sequencing services range in the thousands of dollars. However, there are ethical implications to human gene sequencing that could dissuade a person from having this done.
Ethical Issues
Before diving into the ethical issues posed by human gene sequencing, there are certain advantages and disadvantages one could review. The idea of gene sequencing seems beneficial on the surface; h...
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...might say about them; family members who did not request the testing may want to stay ignorant of the possible health implication such testing would provide. If the data collected is considered alarming but uncertain or not actionable, an individual does not necessarily have the right to know (Henderson, 2012). If genetic information is shared and put into the wrong hands, there is a chance for discrimination. Employers, insurance companies, educational institutions, and banks could use this information to make decisions about an individual based on what their genetic blueprint says about them. There are currently no state or federal laws governing the use of genomic sequencing data. Specific laws designed to protect genetic information only address where and by whom information is collected; it does not offer privacy protection to individuals (Gutmann, 2012).
The PBS documentary “Nova – Cracking Your Genetic Code” tells about the genome sequencing technology: its current possibilities, advantages, disadvantages and future potential. The system became cheaper, faster and more available since the first human genome was fully sequenced in 2000. Modern companies use the technology to provide clients with the information about their genes and impacts they can have on owners’ health. Hospitals can provide more accurate diagnosis and personalized treatments with the aid of the genome sequencing. The video shows several examples of these benefits. But it mentions concerns about the quality of services, risks of exaggerated
Firstly, an amount of 40.90 g of NaCl was weighed using electronic balance (Adventurer™, Ohaus) and later was placed in a 500 ml beaker. Then, 6.05 g of Tris base, followed by 10.00 g of CTAB and 3.70 g of EDTA were added into the beaker. After that, 400 ml of sterilized distilled water, sdH2O was poured into the beaker to dissolve the substances. Then, the solution was stirred using the magnetic stirrer until the solution become crystal clear for about 3 hours on a hotplate stirrer (Lab Tech® LMS-1003). After the solution become clear, it was cool down to room temperature. Later, the solution was poured into 500 ml sterilized bottle. The bottle then was fully wrapped with aluminium foil to avoid from light. Next, 1 mL of 2-mercaptoethanol-β-mercapto was added into fully covered bottle. Lastly, the volume of the solution in the bottle was added with sdH2O until it reaches 500 ml. The bottle was labelled accordingly and was stored on chemical working bench.
In 1990, the first great stride of genetics took place. This was called the Human Genome Project, a large-scale operation that was designed to understand the human genome (genetic structure). Since its commencement, there have been many leaps and bounds that have taken place. For certain genetic issues that we once knew nothing about, we no...
Many things have impacted both the Science and Medical fields of study. Electrophoresis and DNA Sequencing are two of these things. Together they have simultaneously impacted both of these fields. On one hand, there is Electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is a specific method of separating molecules by their size through the application of an electric field. It causes molecules to migrate at a rate and distance dependent on their size. On the other hand, there is DNA Sequencing. DNA Sequencing is a technique used to determine the exact sequence of bases
Studies to make the process quicker and cleaner are under development.... ... middle of paper ... ... Insurance providers and other holders of genetic information should be prohibited from releasing genetic information (Hudson, 1998). Guidelines like these need to be formed into a federal law that people can pass in one way or another so that we can be protected from the various forms of discrimination that is possible with this kind of information.
The more we know about genetics and the building blocks of life the closer we get to being capable of cloning a human. The study of chromosomes and DNA strains has been going on for years. In 1990, the Unites States Government founded the Human Genome Project (HGP). This program was to research and study the estimated 80,000 human genes and determine the sequences of 3 billion DNA molecules. Knowing and being able to examine each sequence could change how humans respond to diseases, viruses, and toxins common to everyday life. With the technology of today the HGP expects to have a blueprint of all human DNA sequences by the spring of 2000. This accomplishment, even though not cloning, presents other new issues for individuals and society. For this reason the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) was brought in to identify and address these issues. They operate to secure the individuals rights to those who contribute DNA samples for studies. The ELSI, being the biggest bioethics program, has to decide on important factors when an individual’s personal DNA is calculated. Such factors would include; who would have access to the information, who controls and protects the information and when to use it? Along with these concerns, the ESLI tries to prepare for the estimated impacts that genetic advances could be responsible for in the near future. The availability of such information is becoming to broad and one needs to be concerned where society is going with it.
Introduction: Throughout the years many people have asked the same question, ‘What is Genomics and is it really ethical?’ Genomics has been seen as unethical and it is largely frowned upon in many societies today, but scientists believe otherwise. Genomics has recently become a major breakthrough for scientists and they are working on many ways to show the world that it is in no way unethical and could benefit us and generations to come. Genomics is the study of a genome, which is the complete set of DNA in organisms.
Once the project began in 1990, fewer than one hundred human sickness genes had been known. At the project 's conclusion in 2003, the quantity of known sickness genes had up to over fourteen-hundred, however, the human order project centered on the polymer sequence of a personal. The results of human genome project results in significant improvement of the medicines for different diseases. The project initiated by the government enables the researchers and the doctors to understand the etiology of less known disease. After knowing the factors behind the disease, researchers tried to find out the medicines which could treat those diseases and diminish their effects. It also made the world aware of the fact that genes could be used for the research and medical purposes in the field of medicine. As a result of this project, it became very easy to produce the clones and the genes by performing the gene sequencing and different analysis on the genes of a person. The future of this project, doctors will become completely able to understand the hidden causes of the disease which will later on help in understanding the management of their
The genetic technology revolution has proved to be both a blessing and a blight. The Human Genome Project is aimed at mapping and sequencing the entire human genome. DNA chips are loaded with information about human genes. The chip reveals specific information about the individuals’ health and genetic makeup (Richmond & Germov 2009).The technology has been described as a milestone by many in that it facilitates research, screening, and treatment of genetic conditions. However, there have been fears that the technology permits a reduction in privacy when the information is disclosed. Many argue that genetic information can also be used unfairly to discriminate against or stigmatize individuals (Willis 2009).
The Human Genome Project is the largest scientific endeavor undertaken since the Manhattan Project, and, as with the Manhattan Project, the completion of the Human Genome Project has brought to surface many moral and ethical issues concerning the use of the knowledge gained from the project. Although genetic tests for certain diseases have been available for 15 years (Ridley, 1999), the completion of the Human Genome Project will certainly lead to an exponential increase in the number of genetic tests available. Therefore, before genetic testing becomes a routine part of a visit to a doctor's office, the two main questions at the heart of the controversy surrounding genetic testing must be addressed: When should genetic testing be used? And who should have access to the results of genetic tests? As I intend to show, genetic tests should only be used for treatable diseases, and individuals should have the freedom to decide who has access to their test results.
The Human Genome Project is essential for the human race to advance. With the ability to decimate human disease and even boost food resources, people will increase life expectancy alongside decreasing the percent of people around the world who go hungry each day. There can even be limits placed on Legal aspects of The Human Genome Project results that appease civil rights activists and will preserve ethics and diversity while still improving mankind. Humans will never have to fear disease or hunger. The future looks bright for all of mankind.
The Genome Project has been an ongoing project sense 1990 and was finally completed on April 14th , 2003. The U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health were the ones directing the Genome Project. The progress of the Genome Project is still unknown because the project was completely finished, but scientists are still going to be researching the Genome Project for many years. The project is like a master blue print of the body. The scientists estimated to find about 100,000 genes in the human body but only found as few as 30,000. There are 4 chemical components that make up DNA, cytocine (C), thymine (T), guanine (G), and adenine (A), these 4 components make up who you are. There are a few goals that scientists were trying to reach, such as finding the structure and function of a genome.
Genetic testing, also known as screening, is a rapidly advancing new scientific field that can potentially revolutionize not only the world of medicine, but many aspects of our lives. Genetic screening is the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic differences, anomalies, or mutations that may prove pathological. As genetic screening becomes more advanced and easily accessible, it presents society with difficult questions that must be asked about the boundaries of science and to what degree we are allowed to tamper with the human genome. To better understand the potential impact of genetic screening on our society, we must examine the potential benefits in comparison to the possible negative impact it may cause. With this knowledge in hand, we can examine what the future holds for this field of study and the best possible direction to take.
Career Description: Clinical geneticists are physicians who specialize in the field of genetics. They provide diagnostic aid, treat, and counsel patients with genetically-caused health issues. Clinical geneticists may work alongside genetic counsellors and laboratory geneticists, advise therapy and set up screenings to evaluate the patient. Geneticists work in various places such as hospitals and clinics, pharmaceutical companies, private research facilities, biotechnological research companies, government departments, and even universities in biology departments with their focus on genetics. The work environment for a clinical geneticist tends to be a hospital/clinic setting or sometimes a classroom setting either to teach or conduct research at a
Editing human DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. (Wikipedia 1) has always been a widely controversial topic. Some believe it's wrong, while others believe it could be very beneficial to the future of curing diseases and having healthy children. I believe personally that this is not something to tamper with. Here are some reasons why.