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Conclusion on the gender pay gap
Gender stereotypes in society
Conclusion on the gender pay gap
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Introduction of Social Problem
The problem I am writing this research paper is on the subject about gender and employment. Does a person’s gender really affect their outcome within a job? They answer is yes. I thought that in today’s day and age we would not see a problem with a woman working a male’s job or a male working a female job. Such things as occupations, wages, sex segregation and gender typing with the workplace. This topic would be a social conflict due to the strain between male and female within the workforce.
My first impressions about the topic was that I would find that the inequalities between genders would have a decrease over time, but after looking into the topic some more I have that it is much the other way around. It made me look into what really are the differences between the genders when it comes to holding a job. This topic would be a social conflict due to the strain between male and female within the workforce.
Observations of this topic aren’t clear, but can be felt by mostly women in today’s workforce. It is known that women will make less than a male but are there other factor then having children or other causes that may have her miss work I wanted to address this topic because it will affect everyone at some point when being employed. My personal observation has started from a young age when you connect that being a fire fighter, police, and road workers are male, and that a hairdresser, nurses, and servers at a restaurant are female. We never really ask why that is.
The literature I have found about this topic addressed many of things, first is how the American women entered the workforce. How gender can change how much a male or women’s wages will be affected. What types of jobs are ‘gendered’...
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...m female.
Works Cited
Fernandez, R. M. (2011). Gender sorting at the application interface. Industrial relations , 592-593.
(2000). Workplace programs and policies that address work-family and gender equilty issues in United States. In L. L. Haas, P. Hwang, & G. Russel, Organizational change & gender equity (pp. 79-81). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
Lewis, J. (2013). Women and world warII-women at work. Retrieved from Women's history: http://womenshistory.about.com/od/warwwii/a/women_work.htm?p=1
Liminana-gras, R. M. (2013). Health and gender in female-domonated occupations: the case of male nurses. Journal of men's studies, 135-137.
(2005). Gender socialization . In A. Wharton, The sociology of gender (pp. 166-171). Oxford: Blackwell .
Wharton, A. (2005). The wages of gender. In A. Wharton, The sociology of gender (pp. 189-190). Oxford: Blackwell .
Sex Segregation in the Work Place In the article “Sex Segregation at Work: Persistence and Change” by Anastasia Prokos explores ideas around the challenges and reasons of sex segregation in the work place. She argues that even though the United States has made several steps in the right direction throughout our history, there is still “… women and men in the contemporary United States continue to be concentrated in different occupations, jobs, and industries” (Prokos 564). She is presenting this as a social problem that leads to stereotypes, discrimination, and unequal pay.
For several decades, most American women occupied a supportive, home oriented role within society, outside of the workplace. However, as the mid-twentieth century approached a gender role paradigm occurred. The sequence of the departure of men for war, the need to fill employment for a growing economy, a handful of critical legal cases, the Black Civil Rights movement seen and heard around the nation, all greatly influenced and demanded social change for human and women’s rights. This momentous period began a social movement known as feminism and introduced a coin phrase known in and outside of the workplace as the “wage-gap.”
The second approach to explaining gender-based wage inequality is human capital. Human capital acknowledges the fact that often times women invest in human capital that will have lower market returns because they avoid getting involved in career areas that may interfere with their familial duties later in life. Because women invest in less or lower returning human capital they tend to make lower wages than men who invest in more valuable human capital.
Iversen, Torben and Frances Rosenbluth. Women, Work, and Power: The Political Economy of Gender Inequality. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. Kindle E-Book.
In the United states, women on average make significantly less than their male counter parts, no matter what degree or position they hold (as in male to female doctor earning ratio). As can be seen in the Bureau of Labor Statistics survey entitled, "Time Wage and Salary Workers by Selected Characteristics, 2012."During the industrial revolution various people, particularly from the country, changed working environments to that of the factories. The reason for this was due to the limited yield of product that certain craftsmen could make in comparison to the newer technology at the time. According to Jackons's article "Heights and Living Standards of English Women during the Industrial Revolution," People such as artisans could not produce textiles as efficiently as the machines in the factories could. In other words, they were outclassed, and instead of needed skilled people too weave wools, the need was now in workers to maintain the machines that made these textiles. Although we are a...
Gregory, Raymond F. Women and Workplace Discrimination: Overcoming Barriers to Gender Equality. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
Women have historically been submissive to men and with this, it may also be recalled that the perception of one also plays a major role in how that individual is treated by society. The inequalities present between men and women will be further discussed in this essay in respects to the gender discrimination which exist in the workforce.
Gender discrimination in the workplace is something that both men and women experience, women more than men. For instance, the current gender pat gap is 21 percent. This means that women are currently making 21 percent less than what their male counterparts are making. It has decreased over the years, but it is still a significant gap. In the workplace, women do not only experience discrimination in pay, but also in opportunities. An article states that, women are deemed less communal than men and that makes them less suited for certain careers (Miner, et. al, 2014). This thought alone puts women at a disadvantage when they are entering the labor force.
The first thing that factors in is that women are more likely to work in lower paying jobs including: retail trade, leisure and hospitality. There are not very many women who work in the three jobs with the highest wages: information services, mining and logging, and utilities (“Gender Pay Gap: Recent Trends”). According to the Council of Economic Advisors, “women are also slightly less likely than men to have access to paid leave and, perhaps as a result, are slightly more likely to take leave without pay.” Discrimination is another factor. Women may be influenced which job to choose base on discrimination, and it can cause women to leave their position (“Gender Pay Gap: Recent Trends”). According to the Council of Economic Advisors, there are less women who are receiving science and math degrees even though, in 2013, women earned 57 percent of all bachelor’s degree, 35 percent of which were in science, technology, engineering, and math fields. The level of education does not help the wage gap either, no matter what level of education women have there is still a pay gap (Dishman). The Council of Economic Advisors also says that “in general, women, even highly-educated women, are less likely to negotiate their first job offer than men. But even when women do negotiate, if the norms of negotiation and salary expectations are not transparent, they are likely to receive less than men.” A survey from
Victoria. (2006). How Much of Remaining Gender Pay Gap is Result of Discrimination and How Much is Due to Individual Choices? International Journal of Urban Labour and Leaisure , 7 (2).
Parcheta, N., Kaifi, B., & Khanfar, N. (2013). Gender Inequality in the Workforce: A Human Resource Management Quandary. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 4(3), 240-248.
Many laws and regulations are implemented everyday into our society, involving equal rights for all. But, even with being in the year 2015; there is still much discrimination and inequality seen throughout many different institutions. Gender inequality is defined as unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on gender. This has been seen for many decades now, revolving mainly against women. Throughout history to even today, men have always been seen as the stronger, faster, and harder working gender as opposed to women. Today, with more women being seen working at larger firms and corporations, we still see many obstacles and challenges that they must face. While many women have fought for equality in the workplace, it is still a
Women are more educated now than they have ever been, but even women who are university graduates are earning less than men. Frenette and Coulombe reached the conclusion that this was often due to their degrees being in gendered fields of study, such as the arts and humanities (as cited in Gaszo, 2010, p. 224) Women also tend to work in fields associated with lower pay, which includes service and sales work (Gaszo, 2010). In the garment industry, women, especially immigrants and women who work at home, are routinely taken advantage of by companies such as Wal-Mart and paid far too little (Ng, 2006).
Today in the United States, men make more than women in various sectors, including education and other trades favoring women workers. The gap gets bigger when comparing the wages earned by men to those of women in jobs favoring men workers such as construction or other physically demanding jobs. Women are less likely to work those jobs, therefor; men have the advantage of having more experience and get paid better. In addition, employers would rather hire a man instead of a woman because they believe that a man will be able to sustain the difficulty of the job and work longer hours which crate a disadvantage for women because they are unable to gain experience and become skilled in that certain field. Gender pay gap based on this information is explained as the result of the discrimination of employers toward the feminine sex in terms of pay, which discourage them to work certain jobs leading to create a bigger gap due to the lack of
The opportunities available to women in the market are not as diverse as those presented to men. Still, the construct of gender ideology influences how employers undertake economic decisions, and that is why companies still have jobs labelled as “men’s work” and occupations categorized as “women’s work.” Indeed, the pervasiveness of gender differences in labor markets is undeniably true, specifically with respect to salary gap between men and women, occupational gender segregation of men and women, and the challenge that women face in terms of juggling their time and attention between their career and family life. There is no denying that the salary of men is far more than that of women’s. In the Great Britain (and other parts of the globe), there are pieces of evidence which suggest that gendered practices of participation in the labor force still have significant impact on the economic security level that men and women develop over the course of their lives (Warren 606).