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Review of literature on queer identity
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In the last decades, the number of young people identified as transgender is increasing. As other young people, they also want to participate in sport at schools, and they should be able to be part of sport teams as well. The report mentioned before, highlighted that many schools athletic programs don´t have specific policies about transgender issues. In addition, coaches, educators, teachers and the educational community in general are not prepared. Many examples of that have been identified: it is not clear what bathrooms or changing rooms should transgender people use, or even the society in general don´t know what pronouns should they use. Parents, educators, and society in general need to rethink about the possibility of choosing gender identification (Griffin and …show more content…
This theory support that identity and sexual orientation are a social construction, reformulating new processes of identification and differentiation around sexuality. Thus, following the queer theory, there is not a constant gender identity or a static sexuality (Mosquera González, 2013). This seems to be a step beyond the two-gender models of society.
Many scholars have shown that experiences for children and youth people in relation to sport are crucial (Alfaro, 2008); sport, as a socio-cultural institution, emphasizes processes of social construction of gender, gender identity, sexuality, sex, etc. (Eng, 2008).
Schools, therefore, have a crucial role at this respect (Griffin and Carroll, 2010), as sport and physical exercise are a central part of the school setting. As a social and educational institution, values as inclusion, equal opportunities, participation, respect, fairness etc. must be promoted and it should be assured that every child have the same rights and
Her ideas challenged my previous opinion in that I believed that in order for a transgender athlete to play for their non-biological sex was solely to undergo a complete sex. Prior to researching this topic, I was unaware of other methods such as hormone therapy that were available to transgender athletes. Through Castillo’s informative article, I was able to understand that other options are available in order to maintain the fairness and equality throughout athletics. While Castillo argues that transgender athletes must complete at least one year of hormone therapy, Canadian Blogger, Keph Senett, argues otherwise. In her essay, “Where Do Transgender Athletes Fit Into Sports?” which was published in newsletter Matador Network, Senett argues that transgender athletes must complete a full sex change before even considering competing for the opposite sex. Senett’s article did not add much more to my original opinion, nor did it challenge it in any
Matt Zalaznick’s article, “Creating Inclusive Climates”, offers suggestions for how schools can support transgender students and improve school climate by educating classmates and faculty about the needs and experiences of transgender children. The need for such education starts at the elementary school level with many students beginning to identify as being transgender as early as the age of the average kindergartener. Although the implications of Title IX protections state that schools must not discriminate against students on the basis of sex, many districts have strengthened the wording with amendments to include specific wording to include stronger protections for transgender students.
Gender discrimination is prominent in every industry, but it is as though the sport industry is one of the worst. Women in the work force currently receive only 80 cents to every man’s dollar (Holmes, 2016). However, female athletes both in America and internationally receive a far lesser compensation for their attributes. The only difference of the sports being played is who plays them. There should be no reason why a male athlete receives better pay simply because he had a 50% chance of being born a man. At birth, no one controls the gender, but as they grow and mature, they control their personality and development. Payment should be on personal skills and not gender. As a female STHM student focusing on sport management and a former athlete,
Transgendered people in America have made many great strides since the 1990s. They have encountered violence, lack of health care, and the loss of homes, jobs, family and friends. There have been many phases of the struggle of being transgendered in America over the years. The current phase we must be in now is equal rights. There are many variations of discrimination against the transgendered community. In our society we simply do not like what we do not understand. It is easier to discriminate than to try and understand. We are all created different and we should appreciate our differences. The change must come by addressing the views of the public. There is much justification in the unequal rights of transgendered peoples. The Human Rights Campaign has been started to achieve equal rights for all Americans including the LGBQ community. A serious injustice is in the world of sports. Professional sports are one of societies major traditions totally based on rules and regulations that are meant to preserve the integrality of the games, but may not be inclusive to all its players.
Women have forever had this label on their back of being too small, too weak, too feminine, and too boring. The traditional gender roles of the female interfere with the extortionate nature of competing in sports. Men are usually the ones to go 100% and give whatever they got, and to show masculinity while doing it. The standard masculinity of being strong, smart, and taking charge over dues the feminine traits of being soft, gentle, and polite. That’s what society has taught us to learn and accept. But the traditional female gender role is diminished when participating in athletics and people may think it’s weird to see females compete at the same level as males do. Men have always had the upper hand in the professional, collegian, and high
Sexualization in Sports Sexualization of girls is a growing and alarming trend in today’s society. The report we read brought up solid points and I feel the biggest factor is not the media but parents. With parents today being much more open and accepting of their child’s choices in wardrobes, leisure activities and role models, it provides room for younger immature girls to mimic older mature women. The article brought up an example of a direct contribution such as entering young children into beauty pageants and even plastic surgery, but the process started much earlier (Zurbriggen, Collins, Lamb, Roberts, Tolman, Ward & Blake, 2010). The growing number of young parents and the multitude of easily accessible media mediums, mainly social media, provide influence that was once left to family and neighboring surroundings.
Gender in sports has been a controversial issue ever since sports were invented. In the early years, sports were played only by the men, and the women were to sit on the sidelines and watch. This was another area of life exemplifying the sexism of people in which women were not allowed to do something that men could. However, over the last century in particular, things have begun to change.
Men and women have been separated since the beginning of life. God put Adam in charge of the Earth. When God created Eve, he took a piece of Adam’s rib from his stomach to create Eve. From this story that came from the bible, men believe that God made them better than women. And this has created a gender inequality between man and woman ever since then. Gender inequality, as stated on The Free Dictionary’s website is, “the difference between women and men in regard to social, political, economic, or other attainments or attitudes, or the problem perceives to exist because of such difference.” I believe that, when it comes to women’s sports, there is a pretty big difference in genders. Some of these differences are caused by men. A good example is that there are an enormous amount of men that take it as a joke. Most men feel that women just do not have the capability to ever have the strength and skills to compete with men. While others look at it as women are too girly to play and that they will cry and complain if they break a nail. Some think women are too fragile and if they try to compete against a man they will get badly injured. I believe these opinions that men have about women in sports, leads to the gender inequalities in it.
Many Americans watch sports for the fun of the game; it is a form of relaxation or excitement. Becoming an athlete is something many dream about and some strive for a portion of their lives trying to make it a reality. But is it just as attainable for women as it is men? Being able to make a career out of something a person enjoys is something many dream about. Women do not have the same advantages when it comes to being an athlete or upward mobility in employment. There has been some progress in the equality of men and women but not enough. Hegemonic masculinity still affects women’s chances at succeeding in employment and sports because of perceived gender roles, stereotyping, and discrimination.
Inevitably, fashion and clothing have a significant role in the construction and expressivity of one’s social identity. Fashion and clothing gives the self a sense of distinctiveness and a reflection of one’s identity, as an extension of self-expressivity and self-definition. For a female athlete, their identities are consistently being challenged by their dual disposition and situation in the larger society (cite). These female athletes battled between the thin lines of athleticism and femininity which have rendered them an ambivalent position in society. They challenged the existing gender role order while on the other hand, reinforcing the status quo by displaying traditional modes of femininity through the role of clothes as a means of expressivity and conformity (Kolnes, 1995 ). Twigg (2012) established that identity and clothing are “intimately linked” (p.1). This shows that the role of clothes had its influences exert onto female athletes and their ambivalent identities which in turns affects the different aspects of their social identities. Therefore, clothes help to magnify the changing ways in which identities are being constituted in this modern society (Twigg, 2012, p.1).
Throughout an educational discourse, inclusion is a highly debated subject throughout the curriculum. During the past decade, there have been exceptional levels of funding and resources solely aimed at physical education and school sport within the United Kingdom (UK). The DFE suggests that 57% of children with SEND attend a mainstream school (DfES 2007). Physical Education (PE) has been a rising topic of discussion due to decrease in activity and an increasing level of child obesity within the UK(Coates and Vickerman 2009). There are various implemented strategies such as Physical Education School Sport and Club Links (PESSCL) and Physical Education and Sports Strategy for Young People (PESSYP), which are instruments to ‘direct and guide practice and policies’ (Fitzgerald and Stride, 2012). Using these governmental strategies, schools try and challenge and attempt to increase participation and engagement with the aim of providing ‘high quality PE lessons’ (Griffin 2012), which targets the government initiative particular the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic games to encourage an promote inclusive PE and school sport (Green 2009). Additionally, Fitzgerald and Stride (2012) distinguish on the concluding issue of inclusion should be recongised as part of a broader international concern to promote inclusive education (Forlin et al. 2008). There are various aspects, which are of high debate within inclusion regarding the national curriculum, initial teacher training and experiences of student and teachers.
The ‘pause’ button on puberty can be hit said Dr. Johanna Olson, director of the centre for trans youth health and development. This pause, which is reversible, can offer many advantages from the child perspective including the ability for them to compete and participate in the sporting activities and gender teams of their choice. This is important for gender variant people as they must be included in physical activity along with social activity to help build their confidence. Everyone should feel comfortable in their decided gender so why should it be any different for young boys wanting to compete in the female competition. Over 62% of participants in the survey said that they would feel comfortable playing alongside a transgender in team sport.
Two seconds are prodigious differences in track and field, especially short sprint such as the 200-meter dash. Gender segregation in sports was a way to open up opportunism to women because men have more physical advantages, which is why they would dominate in sports if sport weren’t divided into a women’s league and men’s league. Transgender women who contend against cis females in high school without taking any medication gives them an immense advantage over cis women, making the competition unfair. Cis women athletes who want to compete in a professional level are not going to be given a fair chance to succeed and to work up to the top when transgender women who biologically have the body of a male are competing against them. A
Barber, Heather, and Vikki Krane. "Creating a Positive Climate for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youths." JOPERD--The Journal of Physical Education,
In this essay, the role and benefits of Physical Education and School Sport will be identified from in and outside the school curriculum. The benefits that pupils have gained from the national school curriculum, what has changed from the past to present day in schools and how it has affected Physical Education in School Sport will be discussed. Also, mental and physical health benefits that occur from Physical Education will be mentioned in this essay along with what the teaching standards were like and how Physical education has changed such as different teaching ways.