Data/Methods/Hypothesis:
According to the majority of the papers reviewed in this paper, veterans are worse off in terms of employment outcome after service compared to their nonveteran counterparts. The results also suggest that job outcomes are worse for female veterans than male veterans. Therefore, the hypothesis of this paper is as follows: female veterans from different eras of conflict or war are unemployed more so than their male counterparts. The formula will be similar to Unemployment Level = B0 + B1Women. The dependent variable is the unemployment level from 2008 to October of 2014 and the independent variable is gender (male = 0 and female = 1). These variables were chosen to measure whether gender negatively affects the veterans’ labor outcome. Having the unemployment levels of veterans of different eras will enable this paper to see whether being a woman decreases one’s chances to obtain a job after deployment. It will also show whether recent veterans are worse off than the older veterans of older wars.
…show more content…
The data was obtained in the Federal Reserve Bank of St.
Louis’ database. FRED attained the information from CPS or the Current Population Survey (US. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Different regressions will be run in SPSS to see whether unemployment level between male and female veterans are significantly different from one another and whether that difference is statistically significant. If so, it implies that being a female veteran yields negative returns after military service. It will also imply that female veterans require more help in integrating back to civilian life. Since available data exist, the paper will also run regression for veterans from different eras. A regression for Nonveterans will also be done. The eras are listed as
follows: 1. Veterans from the World War II, Vietnam War and Korea War. 2. Veterans from the Gulf War Era I 3. Veterans from the Gulf War Era II 4. Nonveterans Results and Analysis: Regression 1: Unemployment Level of Veterans from = 237.311 – 230.892Women WWII, Vietnam and Korean War (Note: Total Unemployment Level from January of 2008 to October 2014) The result for regression 1 shows that it is not in accordance with the hypothesis. The hypothesis states that female veterans are at a disadvantaged in terms of employment outcome compared to their male counterparts. According to the result, male veterans of WWII, Vietnam and Korea war are, on average, experienced a total unemployment level of 237,311. The slope implies that, on average, female veterans experienced a total unemployment level of 6,419. The regression result shows that in this case, female veterans on average are better off than male veterans in terms of employment level outcome. 230,893 less women, on average, were unemployed than men from 2008 to October of 2014. It is safe to note that in this case, the result makes sense. Female veterans of World War II, Vietnam and Korean War are lower in numbers compared to the male veterans of the same time period. Regression 2: Unemployment Level of Veterans from = 138.824 – 113.770Women Gulf War I (Note: Total Unemployment Level from January of 2008 to October 2014) Regression 3: Unemployment Level of Veterans from = 161.541 – 127.797Women Gulf War I (Note: Total Unemployment Level from January of 2008 to October 2014) Regression 4: Unemployment Level of Nonveterans = 6,130.203 – 930.608Women (Note: Total Unemployment Level from January of 2008 to October 2014 The results for regression 2, 3, and 4 are very similar to regression 1. In regression 1, 82.4% of the variation in the unemployment level of WWII/Vietnam/Korean War veterans can be explained by the gender of the veterans. The results are also statistically significant at the .01 level. In fact, all regressions are significant at the .01 level. After regression 1 however, the number of unemployed females (veterans and nonveterans) continued to rise. Regression 1, on average, had 6,419 unemployed female veterans while regression 2, on average, had 25,054 unemployed female veterans. In regression 2, 83.5% of the variation in the unemployment level of Gulf War I veterans can be explained by the veterans’ gender. This result can be easily explained because we know that the labor force participation of women have significantly increased in the past 50 years and the number of female soldiers have steadily increased as well. For example, female World War II veterans are much less compared to female Gulf War I veterans. Regression 3 shows that the unemployment level of female Gulf War II veterans reached an average of 33,744. Regression 4 dealt with the nonveterans’ unemployment level. Overall, on average, the women’s total unemployment level from January of 2008 to October 2014 is 5,199,595. The women’s unemployment level compared to the men’s unemployment level is lower. This result is in accordance with the other regressions, implying that, on average, the women’s unemployment level is lower compared to the men’s unemployment level. This is true for every women, veteran or nonveteran. In this regression however, only 19.8% of the variation in unemployment level can be explained by the person’s gender compared to regression 3’s result for example. In regression 3, 86.6% of the variation in the unemployment level of Gulf War II veterans can be explained by the veteran’s gender. Overall, all of the regression results show that, female veterans are not at a disadvantage in terms of job opportunities. It is important to note that, there are much more male veterans than female veterans. Conclusion In conclusion, there was not enough evidence supporting the hypothesis of this paper. The hypothesis implied that more female veterans would be unemployed than male veterans. According to the results however, many more male veterans are unemployed than female veterans. The conflict or the war where the veterans fought did not alter the results of the regression. Female veterans of World War II tend to have, on average, lower unemployment level. Female veterans of the Gulf War I and Gulf War II era shared this result. These results can be effortlessly explained by the fact that female veterans are much lower in number than male veterans. The number of female military personnel has continued to rise since the First World War. Even to this day, the number of female personnel is still less. Therefore, for future papers, data should be transformed to take into account the fact that there are much more male veterans than females. Future research can also consider the different demographics of the veterans. There has been a significant increase of minorities in the military. This increase could significantly affect the results. They could also consider the education of the veterans and whether the skills they obtained during service will affect their labor outcome.
During the time of 1940-1945 a big whole opened up in the industrial labor force because of the men enlisting. World War II was a hard time for the United States and knowing that it would be hard on their work force, they realized they needed the woman to do their part and help in any way they can. Whether it is in the armed forces or at home the women showed they could help out. In the United States armed forces about 350,000 women served at home and abroad. The woman’s work force in the United States increased from 27 percent to nearly 37percent, and by 1945 nearly one out of every four married woman worked outside the home. This paper will show the way the United States got the woman into these positions was through propaganda from
Beginning with the aggressive recruiting methods utilized to bring them in, and ending with the return of men from the war -- especially veterans -, women became extremely active in the working force during World War II. This was evident at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, where four thousand and six hundred women were employed. Even though they remained employed for up to six months after the war, eventually men did return to their positions, leaving only women veterans still qualified to hold a position there. However, the focus of a speech on this matter by Dr. Sparr was the activity that occurred during these women's employment.
“At the war’s end, even though a majority of women surveyed reported wanted to keep their jobs, many were forced out by men returning home and by the downturn in demand for war materials… The nation that needed their help in
They use medication and alcohol for sleeping because they obsess that enemies are coming, they need more consciousness to fight back.
The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the GI Bill of Rights (GI Bill), was signed into law on June 22, 1944, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (United States Department of Veterans Affairs, 2012). It was a pivotal point in history, which has impacted the United States socially, economically and politically. Today, educational benefits are primary tools used to recruit service members. In 2007-2008, about 4 percent of all undergraduates and about 4 percent of all graduate students were veterans or military service members (Radford, 2011). Furthermore, the recent expansions in benefits increase the use of education benefits by veterans will grow almost 5 percent (Simon, Negrusa, & Warner, 2009). To improve the success in higher education, veterans must ensure they keep updated on current educational assistance programs as well as other educational services provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and their institutions.
Many factors affected the changes in women’s employment. The change that occurred went through three major phases: the prewar period in the early 1940s, the war years from 1942-1944, and the post war years from around 1945-1949. The labor shortage that occurred as men entered the military propelled a large increase in women’s entrance into employment during the war. Men's return to the civilian workforce at the end of the war caused the sudden drop to prewar levels. The cause of the sudden decline during post war years of women in the paid workforce is unclear. Many questions are left unanswered: What brought women into the war industry, ...
When all the men were across the ocean fighting a war for world peace, the home front soon found itself in a shortage for workers. Before the war, women mostly depended on men for financial support. But with so many gone to battle, women had to go to work to support themselves. With patriotic spirit, women one by one stepped up to do a man's work with little pay, respect or recognition. Labor shortages provided a variety of jobs for women, who became street car conductors, railroad workers, and shipbuilders. Some women took over the farms, monitoring the crops and harvesting and taking care of livestock. Women, who had young children with nobody to help them, did what they could do to help too. They made such things for the soldiers overseas, such as flannel shirts, socks and scarves.
During America’s involvement in World War Two, which spanned from 1941 until 1945, many men went off to fight overseas. This left a gap in the defense plants that built wartime materials, such as tanks and other machines for battle. As a result, women began to enter the workforce at astonishing rates, filling the roles left behind by the men. As stated by Cynthia Harrison, “By March of [1944], almost one-third of all women over the age of fourteen were in the labor force, and the numbers of women in industry had increased almost 500 percent. For the first time in history, women were in the exact same place as their male counterparts had been, even working the same jobs. The women were not dependent upon men, as the men were overseas and far from influence upon their wives.
"Update: Women in the Military." Issues and Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 29 May 2007. Web.
There is no doubt in mind that any Veterans face an incredible amount of challenges when reintegrating with society, and it has been largely discussed how veterans with PTSD face an even greater challenge, but what about combat-injured veterans?
According to Dictionary, “Feminism [is]: the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men.” Throughout history, women have fought the traditional viewpoints of the roles of women and have pushed past an abounding amount of boundaries. However, one blistering topic that is still being fought over today is, if women should be allowed in every aspect of the military. Since being allowed to join the military during World War 1, females have progressed through the ranks until being forced to stop when it comes to joining the elite groups of every branch. The controversial question that many military women face is, “If they wish to join these elite groups and meet the qualifications, why should we stop
Patten, Eileen, and Kim Parker. "Women in the U.S. Military: Growing Share, Distinctive Profile." Pew Research Centers Social Demographic Trends Project RSS. N.p., 22 Dec. 2001. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. .
Pertaining to veterans, depression is one of the leading causes for disability. It is also one of the most costly chronic conditions when it comes to health care expenditures and lost productivity (Desai, Rosenheck, & Thomas, 2006). There are several reasons for why a veteran can be facing depression. Factors can come from war and some can be from coming back home. Depression is a serious disorder that typically goes undiagnosed and untreated. Because of this, routine screening for depression has been advised so that more occurrences for depression could be found and more people can be assisted. Pertaining to veterans, the Department of Veterans Affairs (also known as the VA), requires annual depression screening for veterans who are not already receiving treatment. This will ensure that those who are in need of services will have the appropriate ones for the exact issue that they are facing.
The video examined individual veteran students and their university learning situations. Each scenario is one of a veteran university student matriculating along in their studies and the challenges that they faced. Their military service is reflected in their college studies in a variety of ways. Each individual brings his or her idiocrasies that the military experience has shaped.
The first stage of the study the authors measured the total number of men that served in World War II (the control group) based on year and the quarter of their birth, and compared those numbers to the number of those that served in the Vietnam, and Korean Wars. Afterward, once these totals were complied they then were compared with those that did not serve at all. The second stage was to estimate the causal effects of veteran service and the associated availability of educational benefits through the G.I. Bill on collegiate attainment, two areas were measured: years of college completed and receipt of baccalaureate degree measured by 16 years of completed schooling. As a result, the simple comparison between those who did serve and those who did not serve will exaggerate the causal effect of service on educational attainment through use of a primary strategy formula. The strategy closely followed that under suitable assumptions comparisons over time could be used to eliminate selection bias even though in practice, it was unrealistic to assume a time-homogeneous environment. This was based on the fact that the population attending college was already rising before and after World War