The null hypothesis (H0) is that light intensity has no effect on the choices of location for the organism Gammarus setosus. The alternate hypothesis (Ha) is that light intensity has an effect on the choices of location for the organism Gammarus setosus. In both trials of my experiment, the chi-squared values were greater than the critical chi-squared value. This means that the results are significant and that we can reject H0. I originally believed that the Gammarus setosus would prefer lower light intensities because in its natural habitats, it can be found sheltered under rocks or algae to avoid overexposure to sunlight (Steele and Steele 1970, Kuhn 1969). During the trials, the organism would be commonly found under the dark shade of the …show more content…
Their eyes track the movement of objects through something called an Optokinetic Pursuit system (Sandeman and Atwood 1982). This is a type of reflex that allows the organism to translate other animals’ movement through a series of controllable stimuli, also allowing it to determine what direction those animals are going in as well as how fast (Sandeman and Atwood 1982). This way, they can move around in the dark and take advantage of the fact that their predators, which include many species of fish and Gray whales, cannot actually see in the dark and prevent themselves from being …show more content…
They are also considered to be shredders and shredder collectors. Under these circumstances, they typically wait for a significant amount of fungal growth before feeding, as this provides them with a more nutritious source of energy (Nelson 2011). Nelson (2011) conducted an experiment to determine the growth rate of the Gammarus setosus after being fed leaves that were sterile versus leaves that had fungal growth. Generally speaking, this species will eat anything, including animals in its own phylum. The only way they can sustain a lifestyle of living in the dark is by not being selective with what they eat. This experiment does not explicitly state that light intensity directly correlates to what the Gammarus setosus eat, but, if they could not feed on everything, they would not be able to survive as a species. Given these points, it is evident that the Gammarus setosus prefers the dark, like in my results, because they are able to survive and accomplish their tasks in
The Artemia franciscana can survive in extreme conditions of salinity, water depth, and temperature (Biology 108 laboratory manual, 2010), but do A. franciscana prefer these conditions or do they simply cope with their surroundings? This experiment explored the extent of the A. franciscanas preference towards three major stimuli: light, temperature, and acidity. A. franciscana are able to endure extreme temperature ranges from 6 ̊ C to 40 ̊ C, however since their optimal temperature for breeding is about room temperature it can be inferred that the A. franciscana will prefer this over other temperatures (Al Dhaheri and Drew, 2003). This is much the same in regards to acidity as Artemia franciscana, in general thrive in saline lakes, can survive pH ranges between 7 and 10 with 8 being ideal for cysts(eggs) to hatch (Al Dhaheri and Drew, 2003). Based on this fact alone the tested A. franciscana should show preference to higher pH levels. In nature A. franciscana feed by scraping food, such as algae, of rocks and can be classified as a bottom feeder; with this said, A. franciscana are usually located in shallow waters. In respect to the preference of light intensity, A. franciscana can be hypothesized to respond to light erratically (Fox, 2001; Al Dhaheri and Drew, 2003). Using these predictions, and the results of the experimentation on the A. franciscana and stimuli, we will be able to determine their preference towards light, temperature, and pH.
T. californicus is found from Alaska to Baja in small, shallow tidepools and tidal flats in the upper spray zone where they cannot avoid the full effect of visible and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Individuals assemble in areas of lower radiation at midday, yet have no preference to the intensity of light at dawn and dusk (Hartline and Macmillan 1995). These tiny arthropods inhabit all types of marine sediments from sand to fine mud and ooze. Along with plankton, T. californicus eats microscopic algae, protists, bacteria, diatoms, algae and microbes (McGroarty 1958). When the concentrations of the species in their habitats are high, T. californicus will turn to cannibalism for a food source. The nautilus eye present in the species is rich with fatty acids and provides a good food source for the animal.
...s in the water, as well as quick change in pace and direction. This again is to evade predation.
...-value indicate that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected and the presence of tobacco in the Goldfish water may not have had an effect on the metabolism of the fish. These results indicate that there may not have been an effect in exposure for 10 minutes with a very slight amount of tobacco present in the water. For future experimentation, the concentration of tobacco, medium in which the tobacco is delivered, or exposure period prior to recording data may have provided us with different results. Beside the experimental factors, the numbers may have also been skewed in the presence of two outliers in both the control group and experimental group. To identify which fish may be the outlier or to offset the effect of an outlier, it may be beneficial for future experimentation to test each fish individually to increase the sample size.
Investigating the Effect of Light Intensity on the Size of a Plantain Leaf Title: To investigate the effect of light intensity on the size of a plantain leaf. Hypothesis: I predict that the size of the plantain leaves would increase as the light intensity decreases. Therefore, plantain leaves found in the shade will have larger surface areas than leaves found in an open area. Theory: Sunlight is an essential factor need to complete the process of photosynthesis.
higher survivorship in growth and development among them. The results showed that there were no major alterations in growth and development of the larvae when fed with detritus. The results suggested the potential of detritus as a possible food source for the larvae. This would insignificantly limit the extent of growth and development among the larvae. The study concluded that larvae of Sabellaria cementarium are capable of changing their diet and thus utilizing detritus as a food supply (Qian and Chia, 1990).
Another difference we made to the second trial was the use of a black circular plastic strip instead of an entire garbage bag around the stacking dish. This led to the increase in lux for each section by approximately 2 to 5 lux. This change also created more obvious shadows and made the selections more distinct. This will also have an effect on the ocelli and compound eyes of the A. domesticus, which is responsible for sending neurotic signals to the brain in order for the house cricket to formulate the appropriate response to the different light intensities. The subtle change of lux from trial one to trial two made it easier for the crickets to respond to the different light intensities due to their sensitivity to various light intensities.
For both the monohybrid cross, and dihybrid cross chi-square tables were used to determine whether the deviation of the experiment was due to chance alone. The chi-square result for the monohybrid cross resulted in 6.53, ending up between .05 (X2= 5.991) and .01 (X2=9.210) with a degree of freedom of n=2 (3-1). This result leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis because there was only a 5% chance that the observations were due to chance alone. As for the dihybrid cross, the chi-square data resulted in 4.73 landing in between .20 (X2=4.642) and .05 (X2=7.815). This resulted in the null hypothesis being accepted since it is higher than .05.
On average they weigh 4,000-7,000 pounds and grow approximately 16-20 feet long ( Great white sharks 1). < commentary needed>Great Whites are the apex predator of the ocean containing 300 serrated teeth and highly-developed senses to hunt prey. Sharks have a great senses of smell, the Great White can smell a drop of blood thousand of miles away. They’re hearing is very powerful , being able to hear the vibrations of prey distances of about 800 ft away and find the exact location through ‘ear stone’( Great white 3). A shark 's sense of hearing truly shows their uniqueness as an apex predator. In addition to great hearing they’re known to have great sight by being able to see up to 50ft away and transition into seeing in light and dark. Additionally sharks have a lateral line on their back that reaches from the front to the back tail, allowing
Their bodies help them adapt to the area they are in and help them to ...
This peculiarity of the whale’s eyes is a thing always to be borne in mind in the fishery; and to be remembered by the reader in some subsequent scenes”. This shows the theory that Ishmael has when it comes to sperm whale and probably thinks any human can out smart this whale enough and kill it because it quote cannot see forward direction and only side to side. Ishmael at some point does question how a whale may potentially function throughout their everyday life by stating “A curious and most puzzling question might be started concerning this visual matter as touching the Leviathan. But I must be content with a hint. So long as a man’s eyes are open in the light, the act of seeing is involuntary; that is, he cannot then help mechanically seeing whatever objects are before him. Nevertheless, any one’s experience will teach him, that though he can take in an undiscriminating sweep of things at one glance, it is quite impossible for him, attentively, and completely, to examine any two things—however large or however small—at one and the same instant of time; never mind if they lie side by side and touch each
Some physical adaptations include the color of the killer whale. Killer whales are black and white. The top part that is black to there to camouflage under the dark waters and the white blends in with the bright surface. Killer whales also have blubber that makes their bodies slick and slippery; this helps the whale swim easier and faster and are barrel shaped. Orcas also have dorsal fins that helps them stay balance and stable in the water. Other than physical adaptations, there is also the learned behavior and instinctive behavior of orcas. Orcas have learned to whistle and make pulses to communicate within their pods. Each killer whale pod has their own ‘dialect’ and their own way of communicating. They also use echolocation. The main reason for echolocation is to locate their prey when hunting. Orcas also establish dominance by slapping their tails on the water, head butting and other actions. Mothers discipline their children by scratching their teeth on the back of the
Firstly, the author points out that the whales' brain has a high degree of complexity and their intelligence will provide the ability to navigate by stars. Conversely, the professor mentions that there is no specific relationship between intelligence and navigation. He also brings up an example of a kind of bird ,duck, which is not so much intelligent but born with this ability as an intrinsic feature.
The reason light intensity is being used compared to whether or not a plant needs light. It is because The experiment wants to show that the rates of photosynthesis will vary according to how much light from a light bulb will be trapped in. the chloroplasts, in the leaf. The more energy trapped the more efficient a chemical reaction can take place and the speed of photosynthesis will increase. There are many things which can affect the photosynthesis of a plant such as light intensity, temperature and carbon dioxide levels.
These dolphins are the type of dolphins common people would see at the Zoo or on a T.V. programed performance. Like the Common Dolphins, the Atlantic Bottle-Nosed Dolphins are highly skillful echolocators. They can produce a range of sounds, like a click, using it to analyze any object around them in the ocean (Whitfield 114). According to Whitfield on page 114, they can produce up to 100 clicks a second. They will use these clicks to also find food. They mainly eat Bottom-dwelling fish in inshore waters or surface swimming fish. They can do many other objects with their echolocation finder and using their