The results of the fruit fly (Drosphila melanogaster) experiment undertaken are important for numerous reasons. Firstly, the results obtained give statistical insight into what the data values are showcasing in this experiment. The outcomes being depicted from a mathematical point of view makes it easier to comprehend. This laboratory activity demonstrates how count data gives a much better understanding of statistics (especially for genetics and evolution). It is better to obtain results from appropriate statistics rather than making conclusions based on data such as random sexual relations, genetic and evolutionary change and diversity of the fruit fly species. Secondly, the results summarize the data into an interpretation that is to the …show more content…
point; brief and concise, of what the experiment produced in terms of what statistical test was used. For this lab, the Chi-square Test for Goodness of Fit determines a value, that being the χ2 value, that is to be compared to other values on a table containing other values with the same statistical standards of the experiment. Finally, experiments such as the one undertaken here give others incentive to perform the same experiment and expect to obtain the same results or different results, then to compare and understand why the results vary. In this laboratory experiment, mating was at random; not selective nor planned by the fruit flies. The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether the number of offspring produced was to be expected and static, or are the numbers of a given type of offspring unpredictable and likely to change. The results obtained, along with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium as stated earlier in this report, will respond to the hypothesis that the genetic and generational evolution of the fruit flies will not be in equilibrium. As said in the preceding paragraph, the report will determine and answer to the hypothesis of there being no equilibrium.
The data obtained confirms that there is a significant difference in expected and obtained allele frequencies, which results in the conclusion that the populations of fruit flies disrespect the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium because of the sexual selection and/or genetic drift genetic factors. The system is closed; meaning that there is no migration, nor gene flow and natural selection, due to how no offspring die off from a lack of reproductive fitness. Moreover, mutation is not a disruptive force here, since it seems that there is no harsh environmental conditions that would bring about such an effect. Under small populations, the visible impacts of genetic drift can be observed. The small population size of the fruit flies reflects how random chance of genetic drift caused the significant difference conclusion of our …show more content…
results. A laboratory experiment of this nature has its good and bad aspects in terms of biological and ethical consequences.
An experiment like this one is credible for creating an example on the different aspects of genetics in relation with evolution, which is a great outcome. Another positive outcome is how the experiment upholds fundamental principles of biology; how it is random and unplanned for the most part, yet explainable. Another positive consequence is how this experiment can be undertaken on a diverse range of animals and insects, which can either yield similar results, or different results altogether, which could then lead to research on evolutionary relationships of males and females of the given species in question. In spite of all the positive aspects, there are some negative ones as well. These sorts of studies can be used to advance societal understanding and growth, but this may tread on ethical boundaries for some. A sizeable issue with this experiment is how one can argue that the experiment is not right for the fruit flies, nor animals that are being studied, since they are being selectively grown and harvested. The animal rights activist would argue that the animals have no idea as to where they will end up. Another big negative is how experiments should not be used to play God and defy laws that are an ‘unavoidable reality’, but rather to uphold key concepts and to explain naturally occurring biological phenomena. The second issue is that one should not
alter animal and human biochemistry, since it is not only essentially playing God, but it also puts animal and human life on the line in the event something goes wrong. The fear of what is unknown makes ethical experts question whether experiments of this nature should happen. In spite of all the controversies related to experiments of this nature, there are many applications for this type of experiment. The experiment undertaken and showcased in this report provides the individuals who perform the lab a hands-on understanding of how genetics work, with the use of Punnett squares to conceptualize and comprehend how there are many possible offspring from sexual relationships. The number of possible offspring from the relationships that males and females could have with one another with their respective mutations is well demonstrated through the mating and genetics of fruit flies.
The objective of this experiment is to determine what genes are responsible for the white-eye color in two strains of Drosophila melanogaster, known as the common fruit fly. Drosophila is used as the experimental organism for many reasons which include its small size, easy maintenance, short 10 day generation time, and a fully sequenced genome. The characteristics of the wild type, which is the most common phenotype found in nature, include brick red eyes, long wings, gray/tan body, and smooth bristles. Of course, there are mutations that occur that cause specific traits to deviate from the wild-type phenotype. These traits include wing length, bristle shape, body color, and eye color.
Imagine how you would feel if you were always being treated as though you were not human, or if people acted as though they created you. Well this is how you would feel if you were the subject of a science experiment. Science experiments should not be performed on humans or animals because of the unknown outcome. Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes shows a destructive nature of man through stereotypes, absence of family, and the various IQ levels needed to mature.
The idea of the project was to experiment breeding Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly) to figure out if certain genes of that species were sex linked or not (autosomal). A mono-hybrid cross and di-hybrid cross was performed. For the mono-hybrid cross, white eyed female and red eyed male were placed in one vial for them to reproduce. For the di-hybrid cross, red eyed and normal winged flies and sepia eyed and vestigial winged flies were placed in their vial to reproduce. In the mono-hybrid cross the results expected were within a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Expected results similar to the expected desired null hypothesis proposed with what the F1 parental generation breeds. The potential results would have had to have been within the ratios of 9:3:3:1. The results were clear and allowed the null hypothesis to be correct. The white eyed gene in the fruit flies is sex linked. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings are not sex linked and are examples of independent assortment.
The cost, in this experiment, was the separation of a baby monkey from its mother. Also, it was forced to endure inhumane conditions by being frightened, not knowing what it did to deserve such treatment. I understand the positive implications that can result from experiments on animals, but only the tests that are absolutely necessary should be performed. In saying this, Harry Harlow crossed the line when he caused the baby monkeys psychological scarring. He had already collected definitive data from the previous wire and cloth mother tests, so this extra step was not called
The information that animals have provided scientists over the past decades has changed society, and is still changing society for the better. Millions of lives have been saved with the use of animal testing and many more will be saved with continued research. However, there are many who dismiss this monumental achievement completely and oppose the use of animals in laboratory research. Though many find this practice to be
The major topic of this experiment was to examine two different crosses between Drosophila fruit flies and to determine how many flies of each phenotype were produced. Phenotype refers to an individual’s appearance, where as genotype refers to an individual’s genes. The basic law of genetics that was examined in this lab was formulated by a man often times called the “father of genetics,” Gregor Mendel. He determined that individuals have two alternate forms of a gene, referred to as two alleles. An individual can me homozygous dominant (two dominant alleles, AA), homozygous recessive, (two recessive alleles, aa), or heterozygous (one dominant and one recessive allele, Aa). There were tow particular crosses that took place in this experiment. The first cross-performed was Ebony Bodies versus Vestigle Wings, where Long wings are dominant over short wings and normal bodies are dominant over black bodies. The other cross that was performed was White versus Wild where red eyes in fruit flies are dominant over white eyes.
According to Klug, &Ward (2009), members of a certain population from another are distinguished by the presence of unique genetic characteristics. It is believed that large populations have greater diversity of alleles, compared to the small populations. In most cases, the diversity of alleles designates a greater potential for any evolution of new genes combination. This also shows greater capacity for evolution in adapting different environmental condition. On the other hand, individuals in small populations are possible to be hereditarily, anatomically as well physiologically more consistently than in large populations.
Animals are used as a part of experimentations in order to accomplish new openings. A few individuals think that it is satisfactory, while others contend that it is not moral to sacrifice animals for science. Estimated, that fifty to one hundred million of animals are used for tests in the world. Despite the significance of experiments, the quantity of animals and purpose of research are not under any control. Animals testing should be banned under a few circumstances; we can enhance the situation by using alternative ways such as replacement, reduction, and refinement according to International Society for Applied Ethology.
At the expense of the tester’s life and the teacher’s conscience, mankind’s long-term benefits from knowledge gained from the experiment outweighs immediate negative
To dive into the psyche of a killer is a daunting task, and to understand it is near impossible. A human desensitized to the point where the killing of another living being is easily justified; or worse, an act that brings them joy. In the novel They Would Never Hurt a fly, Slavenka Drakulić speculates how placing an ordinary person in the role of power and influence can create a recipe for moral disaster.
Genetic testing has become very popular as technology has improved, and has opened many doors in the scientific community. Genetic testing first started in 1866 by a scientist known as, Gregor Mendel, when he published his work on pea plants. The rest was history after his eyes opening experiments on pea plants. However, like any other scientific discovery, it bought conflicts which caused major controversies and a large population disagreed with the concept of playing with the genetic codes of human beings. Playing God was the main argument that people argument that people had against genetics. genetic testing became one of the major conflicts conflicts to talk about, due to the fact that parents could now have the option of deciding if they
Detailed focus question: How do Rho GTPases impinge on key actin dynamic regulators during dendritic growth and remodeling in Drosophila?
Genetics defined as the study of heredity of genetic material from parents to offspring. In 1865, Gregor Mendel (the father of genetics) conducted experiments on pea plants led to the birth of genetics. He recorded his observation accurately by studying one trait at a time. Mendel used different variable factor during his experiments. For example, he used the height of the plant, the shape of the seed, and the color of the seed. He discovered three laws which called the Mendel principles. These laws were: law of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment (Michael J. Simmons, 2015). The law of dominance defined as one allele during heterozygote condition is dominate over the other allele. Meanwhile, the law of segregation
Another concern is what animals subjected to theses tests go through for the sake of scientific research. It is no secret that the United States does not have a remotely good history with staying in humane reason when it comes to the treatment of laboratory animals, so the idea of the creation of Chimeras brings up issues such as animal abuse, improper housing, and misuse of the
Quantitative genetics consists of constantly changing characters. From the name of quantitative genetics, it pursues to ‘quantify’ changes in the frequency distribution of traits that cannot simply be located in discrete phenotypic classes (Falconer, D.S. 1996). Upon analysis of the future of quantitative genetics being relevant in this age of rapid advancement in molecular genetics, it has been useful to evolutionary biology which quantitative genetics has been allocated a major boost from the extensive effort/work of Lande-which portrays how the actual equations of quantitative genetics can be extended and used to solve situations beyond livestock and the improvements of crops. In the activities of quantitative genetics in this age, there seems to be a risk in quantitative genetics falling on rough times, having being known as the ‘old’ way of molecular genetics or ‘The out-moded’ as opposed to the comparison of the new types/areas of molecular genetics of today’s age and era. The intention is to bring awareness of the importance of the use of quantitative genetics and placing it in proper perspective. As well as to target the amazing successes, especially central questions of evolutionary biology that can only be statistically answered fully via the requirement of a quantitative genetic perspective. Although through the quantitative genetics theory, the ability and availability to take into consideration the inheritance of quantitative traits such as fertility, the body size, etc is of high importance. Quantitative genetics is also an important contribution to the understanding of inbreeding depression which is the reduced productiveness of the offspring of closely related individuals. The counter-intuitive outcome of quantita...