1. Why and how did the French Revolution take a radical turn entailing terror at home and war with European powers?
The Constitutional Monarchy ended when Louis XVI in June 1791 attempted to take leave of his country. War was declared on Austria; for wanting Louis XVI and his queen to remain in power. Peasants beheaded King Louie XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, at the end of 1792. The peasants continued to behead anyone that tried to start a revolution. Maximilien Robespierre’s group of radical republican insurgents eventually beheaded him for wanting to get rid of Christianity and fixing prices and wages. The beheading of King Loui XVI and his queen angered Austria, Prussia, and Britain.
2. Why did the monarchs of some other European
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Occasionally enslaved Africans would recourse to more open or forceful means of resistance. Some of the mechanisms of resistance included the poisoning of animals and owners and sometimes turned it against themselves by self-injury and suicide. Countless Africans took actions to guard themselves against enslavement. Fleeing was the most obvious method, but evidence shows that numerous Africans moved to more inaccessible areas or took other measures to protect themselves. There are mentions of some of the evasive actions that were made to secure villages.
In some reports, when English slave traders attempted to abduct people to enslave them in the late 16th century, they were met with resistance. It is also said that communities of Africans who had fled from being captured settled on islands off the west coast of Africa. Other reports tell of coastal inhabitants who declined to load slave ships with provisions. There were reports of many escapes from forts that held enslaved Africans before passage across the
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Both the American and French Revolution were the culmination of ideas from the Enlightenment period that accentuated the awareness of natural rights and impartiality. With such a conceptual basis, it turns out to be clear when one sets out to relate the French and American Revolution that people feel the need to be free from the authoritarian rule of absolute monarchs and have the ability to live independently. The leadership was undoubtedly oppressive in France and America at the time of their revolutions, especially in standings of taxation. Both areas had social and economic adversities that led to the comprehension that something must be done to collapse the hierarchy and put power back into the hands of the people where it
Beginning in mid-1789, and lasting until late-1799, the French Revolution vastly changed the nation of France throughout its ten years. From the storming of the Bastille, the ousting of the royal family, the Reign of Terror, and all the way to the Napoleonic period, France changed vastly during this time. But, for the better part of the last 200 years, the effects that the French Revolution had on the nation, have been vigorously debated by historian and other experts. Aspects of debate have focused around how much change the revolution really caused, and the type of change, as well as whether the changes that it brought about should be looked at as positive or negative. Furthermore, many debate whether the Revolutions excesses and shortcomings can be justified by the gains that the revolution brought throughout the country. Over time, historians’ views on these questions have changed continually, leading many to question the different interpretations and theories behind the Revolutions effectiveness at shaping France and the rest of the world.
A revolution is a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system. In 1775, America was ready for dramatic change, freedom, and a disconnection from Great Britain. Taxes, trade regulations, and overarching, power, made all colonists, aside from the loyalists, more than ready to detach from Great Britain’s rule. The American Revolution portrays many similarities and qualities of the French revolution, due to the inspiration of one to another. The similarities and qualities lie within their spiraling economies, selfish, money-worship-thirsty leaders, ideologies, and provocation.
Slaves had an expanding economic force for the Europeans. “Trade between the Europeans and Africans created the first route of the triangular slave trade”. African citizens were “forcibly removed from their homes to never return”. Sales of Africans were classified as having the full cooperation of the “African kings” in return for various trade and goods. Africans who were exchanged were forced to walk chained to the coast of the Indian Ocean. Once at the coast they were stripped of all their clothes, men, women and children all alike with just a loincloth, or strips of blue tap for women to cover their chest area. Once the Africans boarded the ship they were divided by sex, males in the bowel of the ship and the women on the upper deck. The men would be chained side by side by their necks with barely enough room to move. African women were forced to do the “unmentionable acts”. Neither were fed or watered well, and the men would be forced to sit in their own “excrement, and vomit”. Once in awhile the men would be brought to the deck and rinsed off with cold water. While on deck they would be forced to dance to “entertain the ships crew”. Many Africans would try to “revolt” or commit “suicide”, when revolting against their captors many Africans would die. For as much as “3- 6 months” the Africans would endure these torments. Once the ship ported in the America’s shore, all the Africans would be “cleaned up and stripped naked to be sold”. Once the Africans were sold they were no longer Africans to the Merchants, they were product, and, no longer having rights as humans; they were caught into what is called chattel slavery. For approximately “246 years” African Americans would endure such bondage.
Throughout the late 18th and early 19th century, both France and Saint-Domingue experienced violent outbursts, which led to a revolution against their government. The French revolution officially started on July 14, 1789, when more than 800 Parisians stormed the Bastille demanding weapons and gunpowder believed to be stored there. The Bastille symbolized the voice of the people representing years of abuse by the monarchy. Liberal ideas of European revolutions inspired Latin America to take action. The natives were discontent in the social, racial, and political system in Saint-Domingue. This led to a revolt in 1791, marking the start of the Haitian Revolution. After the French surrendered, in January 1804, the island declared itself as an independent
The French Revolution began with a negligible crisis and soon intensified into a revolution. Louis XVI was crowned as the King of France in 1775. Louis was an absolute king meaning that he had all the power above the government. There were many components that helped lead France towards the revolution.
When asked if an event was successful or not, one must take into account every aspect of the event. “Success” is a very subjective and imprecise word. In history, when one power or group feels that they have succeeded in their goal, the opposing group will most likely feel that they have failed. During the French Revolution (1789-1799), there were many successes and failures that took place in the stages of the revolution that led to an eventual failure for the middle-class bourgeoisie and a moderate success in its attempt to achieve its goals for the poor lower class.
The Paris Commune and the representatives on mission were not the only ones insistent on creating a more secular and non-Christian society, as the National Convention itself participated in the dechristianization movement as many of its members sided with Chaumette and Fouché during the latter months of 1793. Charles Gilbert Romme, one of the Revolutionaries frequently labeled an atheist by books and websites dedicated to naming influential atheists in history, participated in the Committee of Public Instruction—the agency instrumental to spreading knowledge on how the citizens should react to new laws implemented by the National Convention. He trained as a mathematician and medical doctor, and then travelled to Russia to serve as the tutor
Before the French Revolution, France was going downhill with a poor economic state and a corrupt society. The third estate revolted against their government emerging the revolution. They created a motto of liberty, equality, and fraternity which they vigorously attempted to achieve. They emerged the National Assembly, protested against the king and queen, and eventually ended up doing the opposite of their motto. While trying to take two steps forward, they would end up taking a step backwards. Unfortunately, the revolutionaries never really accomplished their goals to a full extent. They might’ve have destroyed the estates to provide equality, gotten rid the Ancient Regime in the name of liberty, and attempted to have everyone in one agreement
Slavery was not a new concept to African, as it was practiced prior to the slave trade. In African, slavery had a totally different outlook from that of slavery in the Caribbean and the Americas. The reasons of enslavement varied in Africa. Some persons sold themselves into slavery, while others were captured during wars or children whom their parents were unable to provide for. Another way Africans became slaves were if individuals were unable to pay fines that were imposed upon them (Sparks, 37). The Slave traders in African and the English slavers had a business relationship that was governed by the Parliament in London. Although, the trade was governed by the Parliament, both slaver traders and English slavers conducted trade in a way that was feasible for them (Spark, 18, 31). When the rivalry between Old Town and New Town arose, the English slavers did what was necessary for the business to go on as usual (Sparks, 18-19). The English slavers ambushed the slave traders of Old Town, capturing and enslaving Ephraim and Ancona (Spark, 21). These two African traders, Ephraim and Ancona, when returned back to Africa continued with life as usual, as slave traders. Although, exposed to a life contrary to what they were used to slave trading was their culture, the most profitable business during that time and a definite way of revenge.
The French Revolution was a period of political upheaval that occurred in France during the latter half of the 18th century. This revolution marked an end to the system of feudalism and the monarchy in France and a rise to democracy and new Enlightenment ideas. By 1789, when the revolution began, France was in a deep financial crisis due to the debt they had obtained over many years of reckless spending and France was nearly bankrupt. These financial issues fell almost completely on the bottom social class or the Third Estate which made up a majority of the country. Because of this financial trouble the common people were heavily taxed leaving many of them in poverty. In addition to the economic issues, France also held an Estate System that led to heavy
The American Revolution and French Revolution were two long lasting uprisings that had great value to those battling for their rights and want they wanted to change. Yet there are a few distinctions details set them apart in a small way. The Americans wanted a change in their government, but the French wanted a huge change in everything including their government, religion, social structure (whereas American’s social system stayed the same) and economy. Other than the few differences they had, they two Revolutions were much alike, basically twin revolutions.
The French revolution an event that occurred in modern Europe where thousands of innocent people lost their life, the revolution began in 1789 and ended in 1799 in which the famous military leader and emperor Napoleon Bonaparte ascended and conquered the majority of Europe. A revolution is a “violent and historically necessary transition from one system of production in a society to the next, as from feudalism to capitalism” (Revolution). The French revolution was battle to gain higher positions in social classes. A revolution that allowed everyone to be equal in rights and opportunities, no matter of social status. The middle social class believed that in order to gain a higher rank in social rating system, they had to abolish rules and laws
The American and the French revolutions had many similarities and differences. One similarity being is that they both wanted to escape the rule of their King. Second, they both started by an uprising of people against unfair taxation by the monarchy. The French peasants were not represented by the Parliament. It was mainly composed of middle and upper class people. Now, the American colonists were not represented in England because of their lack of presence. Both wanted to set up a Republic, which provided liberty and justice to all classes of citizens. Just like France, the American colonists were composed up mainly middle and lower class citizens. The American Revolution started out by not wanting bloodshed and violence. France started out with violence and bloodshed. (American Revolution)
Although, the Reign of Terror was seen as a way to let the revolution live and was well supported it was not justified. Because the internal threats propagated radicalism, the external threats raged and became stronger, and the methods became chaotic the Reign of Terror extended its stay in France until the death of the powerful leader Robespierre. The Reign of Terror was an outreach to gain rights but during this period they were taken away until the fateful day of Robespierre’s death ending the Terror.
History through out time has maintained a cause-and-effect pattern with almost all major events; the French Revolution being no different. The philosophes influenced the French society by giving all the estates a chance to be educated by their works. Some of these works also made it to the colonies in American and influenced them enough to bring out an uprising against England in 1775. During America’s battle for independence, French aid was sent, including the leadership of Lafayette, who brought positive ideas of liberty and justice back to France after America gained its freedom. The monarchy of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette and their incompetence led to inflated prices, growing population, decreased salaries, and overall a decline in France’s money in general. In addition, Marie Antoinette’s spending on lavish yet unnecessary items set France further into debt. Anger of peasants came about because of France’s social ranks and privileges were quite unfair. For example, the second estate had no taille tax, while the third estate was the largest and possessed the highest taxes. The Enlightenment, the American Revolution of 1775 through 1783, and France’s political, social, and economic state in the years before the outbreaks of revolts, all acted as stimuli to the anger of France’s citizens. This anger brought about the three major phases of the French Revolution: the uprisings of peasants such as the Storming of Bastille, the Red Terror which resulted in many unjust deaths, and the Thermidorean Reaction in which the Committee of Public Safety lost its power.