1. Why and how did the French Revolution take a radical turn entailing terror at home and war with European powers?
The Constitutional Monarchy ended when Louis XVI in June 1791 attempted to take leave of his country. War was declared on Austria; for wanting Louis XVI and his queen to remain in power. Peasants beheaded King Louie XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, at the end of 1792. The peasants continued to behead anyone that tried to start a revolution. Maximilien Robespierre’s group of radical republican insurgents eventually beheaded him for wanting to get rid of Christianity and fixing prices and wages. The beheading of King Loui XVI and his queen angered Austria, Prussia, and Britain.
2. Why did the monarchs of some other European
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powers initially (but quietly) welcome the French Revolution? European kings initially welcomed the French Revolution because it would weaken France. The European kings saw France as a competing power. Britain was very optimistic in the earlier stages of the revolution since it was believed that it would result in France becoming a legitimate dominion similar to Britain. The kings were concerned about what was happening in France because they did not want revolutions to break out in their own countries. Therefore, the kings decided to stay neutral, except Austria who declared war on France. 3. What were the geographic and climatological factors that helped transform Napoleon’s 1812 campaign into a complete disaster? In 1812, Napoleon failed to defeat Russia for numerous reasons including the weather, broken-down logistics, weak discipline, sickness, and disease. He planned to bring an end to the war within twenty days by making the Russians fight a major battle. The supply wagons carried thirty days of food with them. In reality, the soldiers were in the field for much longer than the original thirty-day supply. Disease set in on soldiers that were weakened by poor diets and exhaustion. Foraging for food was the troops only means of survival. Many soldiers' sole concern became foraging for food and simply disappeared from their command. The weather was another issue. The temperature was extremely hot on the march into Russia and was bone-chilling cold for the soldiers’ retreat. These soldiers were ill-prepared for these extreme temperatures. As what was left of the soldiers crossed into Poland in early December, less than one-sixth of the soldiers who passed the Nieman five months before remained. 4. Using the "Resistance and Rebellion" article from the USI: Understanding Slavery Initiative, answer the following question in a couple of paragraphs. The question is worth 10 points as it will be taking the place of two short answer questions. What were some of the ways that slaves used to resist slavery?
http://www.understandingslavery.com/index.php-option=com_content&view=article&id=310&Itemid=222.html
Occasionally enslaved Africans would recourse to more open or forceful means of resistance. Some of the mechanisms of resistance included the poisoning of animals and owners and sometimes turned it against themselves by self-injury and suicide. Countless Africans took actions to guard themselves against enslavement. Fleeing was the most obvious method, but evidence shows that numerous Africans moved to more inaccessible areas or took other measures to protect themselves. There are mentions of some of the evasive actions that were made to secure villages.
In some reports, when English slave traders attempted to abduct people to enslave them in the late 16th century, they were met with resistance. It is also said that communities of Africans who had fled from being captured settled on islands off the west coast of Africa. Other reports tell of coastal inhabitants who declined to load slave ships with provisions. There were reports of many escapes from forts that held enslaved Africans before passage across the
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Atlantic. Essay: Compare the origins of the American and French revolutions. In what ways do the factors behind each revolution reflect the situation in each country? How did these factors influence the course of each revolution? Both the French and American Revolution were originated from dire economic conditions and was an absolute basis for both revolutions.
Both the American and French Revolution were the culmination of ideas from the Enlightenment period that accentuated the awareness of natural rights and impartiality. With such a conceptual basis, it turns out to be clear when one sets out to relate the French and American Revolution that people feel the need to be free from the authoritarian rule of absolute monarchs and have the ability to live independently. The leadership was undoubtedly oppressive in France and America at the time of their revolutions, especially in standings of taxation. Both areas had social and economic adversities that led to the comprehension that something must be done to collapse the hierarchy and put power back into the hands of the people where it
belongs. Historians seek to explore the equivalents as well as the divisions that are present in both American and French Revolutions. The political climate in France during its revolution was entirely dissimilar than the one in America only because there was not a massive war that had just ended in America. Although the lower and middle classes were the majority of the rebelling population, there was more upper-class backing for the revolution in France as opposed to the partaking of supporters in America. One of the most significant parallels between both the American and French Revolutions was that there was growing discord among the people aimed at the monarchy and its associated elite. Even though they were dominant in both France and America at the start of each revolution, their dominions on both the people and the financial prudence of each nation were weakening. In 1763 Britain was on the very apex of international control and her old enemies were seemingly prone. The country was plagued with political uncertainty and was stumbling on the edge of insolvency. The response in contrast to the British monarchy in America only assisted to deteriorate it further, and even though it may have been influential in other parts of the world, the continued confrontation was illustrated by events such as the Boston Tea party and other innovative acts against the crown were taking their toll.
As these sources have illustrated due to the high demand for free labor, slavery became a prominent problem through this era. However, African enslaved did not simply obey their capture. The primary source The Slaves Mutiny written by in 1730 by William Snelgrave focuses on another aspect of slavery that the other sources didn’t quite touch on, or go into much depth, and that would be slave revolt or mutiny. Author Snelgrave explains that “several voyages proved unsuccessful by mutinies.”# As author Snelgrave states upon ““what induced them (the African slaves) to mutiny? They answered, “I was a rogue to buy them, in order to carry them away form their own country, and that they were resolved to regain their liberty if possible.”# Author Snelgrave states, “They had forfeited their freedom before I bought them, either by crimes or by being taken in war, according to the custom of their country, and they now being my
Many people believed they were free from the torturous lives of others, but they slipped into the chains of masters. In the 1800s, free Africans used to be captured and sold to masters. When the victims explained how they were free, they still had their rights of freedom denied and the masters forced them to work. Acts of trickery in the kidnapping of free African Americans and putting them into slavery left families broken and more people beaten and killed. Men kidnapped free African Americans through many loopholes and lies.
The French Revolution was a period of political upheaval that occurred in France during the latter half of the 18th century. This revolution marked an end to the system of feudalism and the monarchy in France and a rise to democracy and new Enlightenment ideas. By 1789, when the revolution began, France was in a deep financial crisis due to the debt they had obtained over many years of reckless spending and France was nearly bankrupt. These financial issues fell almost completely on the bottom social class or the Third Estate which made up a majority of the country. Because of this financial trouble the common people were heavily taxed leaving many of them in poverty. In addition to the economic issues, France also held an Estate System that led to heavy
The American Revolution and French Revolution were two long lasting uprisings that had great value to those battling for their rights and want they wanted to change. Yet there are a few distinctions details set them apart in a small way. The Americans wanted a change in their government, but the French wanted a huge change in everything including their government, religion, social structure (whereas American’s social system stayed the same) and economy. Other than the few differences they had, they two Revolutions were much alike, basically twin revolutions.
Beginning in mid-1789, and lasting until late-1799, the French Revolution vastly changed the nation of France throughout its ten years. From the storming of the Bastille, the ousting of the royal family, the Reign of Terror, and all the way to the Napoleonic period, France changed vastly during this time. But, for the better part of the last 200 years, the effects that the French Revolution had on the nation, have been vigorously debated by historian and other experts. Aspects of debate have focused around how much change the revolution really caused, and the type of change, as well as whether the changes that it brought about should be looked at as positive or negative. Furthermore, many debate whether the Revolutions excesses and shortcomings can be justified by the gains that the revolution brought throughout the country. Over time, historians’ views on these questions have changed continually, leading many to question the different interpretations and theories behind the Revolutions effectiveness at shaping France and the rest of the world.
The American and the French revolutions had many similarities and differences. One similarity being is that they both wanted to escape the rule of their King. Second, they both started by an uprising of people against unfair taxation by the monarchy. The French peasants were not represented by the Parliament. It was mainly composed of middle and upper class people. Now, the American colonists were not represented in England because of their lack of presence. Both wanted to set up a Republic, which provided liberty and justice to all classes of citizens. Just like France, the American colonists were composed up mainly middle and lower class citizens. The American Revolution started out by not wanting bloodshed and violence. France started out with violence and bloodshed. (American Revolution)
Although, the Reign of Terror was seen as a way to let the revolution live and was well supported it was not justified. Because the internal threats propagated radicalism, the external threats raged and became stronger, and the methods became chaotic the Reign of Terror extended its stay in France until the death of the powerful leader Robespierre. The Reign of Terror was an outreach to gain rights but during this period they were taken away until the fateful day of Robespierre’s death ending the Terror.
A revolution is a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system. In 1775, America was ready for dramatic change, freedom, and a disconnection from Great Britain. Taxes, trade regulations, and overarching, power, made all colonists, aside from the loyalists, more than ready to detach from Great Britain’s rule. The American Revolution portrays many similarities and qualities of the French revolution, due to the inspiration of one to another. The similarities and qualities lie within their spiraling economies, selfish, money-worship-thirsty leaders, ideologies, and provocation.
Slaves had an expanding economic force for the Europeans. “Trade between the Europeans and Africans created the first route of the triangular slave trade”. African citizens were “forcibly removed from their homes to never return”. Sales of Africans were classified as having the full cooperation of the “African kings” in return for various trade and goods. Africans who were exchanged were forced to walk chained to the coast of the Indian Ocean. Once at the coast they were stripped of all their clothes, men, women and children all alike with just a loincloth, or strips of blue tap for women to cover their chest area. Once the Africans boarded the ship they were divided by sex, males in the bowel of the ship and the women on the upper deck. The men would be chained side by side by their necks with barely enough room to move. African women were forced to do the “unmentionable acts”. Neither were fed or watered well, and the men would be forced to sit in their own “excrement, and vomit”. Once in awhile the men would be brought to the deck and rinsed off with cold water. While on deck they would be forced to dance to “entertain the ships crew”. Many Africans would try to “revolt” or commit “suicide”, when revolting against their captors many Africans would die. For as much as “3- 6 months” the Africans would endure these torments. Once the ship ported in the America’s shore, all the Africans would be “cleaned up and stripped naked to be sold”. Once the Africans were sold they were no longer Africans to the Merchants, they were product, and, no longer having rights as humans; they were caught into what is called chattel slavery. For approximately “246 years” African Americans would endure such bondage.
During the eighteenth century, France was one of the most richest and prosperous countries in Europe, but many of the peasants were not happy with the way France was being ruled. On July 14, 1789, peasants and soldiers stormed the Bastille and initiated the French Revolution. This essay will analyze the main causes of the French Revolution, specifically, the ineffectiveness of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, the dissatisfaction of the Third Estate, and the Enlightenment. It will also be argued that the most significant factor that caused the French Revolution is the ineffective leadership of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
Throughout the late 18th and early 19th century, both France and Saint-Domingue experienced violent outbursts, which led to a revolution against their government. The French revolution officially started on July 14, 1789, when more than 800 Parisians stormed the Bastille demanding weapons and gunpowder believed to be stored there. The Bastille symbolized the voice of the people representing years of abuse by the monarchy. Liberal ideas of European revolutions inspired Latin America to take action. The natives were discontent in the social, racial, and political system in Saint-Domingue. This led to a revolt in 1791, marking the start of the Haitian Revolution. After the French surrendered, in January 1804, the island declared itself as an independent
The French Revolution began with a negligible crisis and soon intensified into a revolution. Louis XVI was crowned as the King of France in 1775. Louis was an absolute king meaning that he had all the power above the government. There were many components that helped lead France towards the revolution.
Slavery was not a new concept to African, as it was practiced prior to the slave trade. In African, slavery had a totally different outlook from that of slavery in the Caribbean and the Americas. The reasons of enslavement varied in Africa. Some persons sold themselves into slavery, while others were captured during wars or children whom their parents were unable to provide for. Another way Africans became slaves were if individuals were unable to pay fines that were imposed upon them (Sparks, 37). The Slave traders in African and the English slavers had a business relationship that was governed by the Parliament in London. Although, the trade was governed by the Parliament, both slaver traders and English slavers conducted trade in a way that was feasible for them (Spark, 18, 31). When the rivalry between Old Town and New Town arose, the English slavers did what was necessary for the business to go on as usual (Sparks, 18-19). The English slavers ambushed the slave traders of Old Town, capturing and enslaving Ephraim and Ancona (Spark, 21). These two African traders, Ephraim and Ancona, when returned back to Africa continued with life as usual, as slave traders. Although, exposed to a life contrary to what they were used to slave trading was their culture, the most profitable business during that time and a definite way of revenge.
When asked if an event was successful or not, one must take into account every aspect of the event. “Success” is a very subjective and imprecise word. In history, when one power or group feels that they have succeeded in their goal, the opposing group will most likely feel that they have failed. During the French Revolution (1789-1799), there were many successes and failures that took place in the stages of the revolution that led to an eventual failure for the middle-class bourgeoisie and a moderate success in its attempt to achieve its goals for the poor lower class.
The Paris Commune and the representatives on mission were not the only ones insistent on creating a more secular and non-Christian society, as the National Convention itself participated in the dechristianization movement as many of its members sided with Chaumette and Fouché during the latter months of 1793. Charles Gilbert Romme, one of the Revolutionaries frequently labeled an atheist by books and websites dedicated to naming influential atheists in history, participated in the Committee of Public Instruction—the agency instrumental to spreading knowledge on how the citizens should react to new laws implemented by the National Convention. He trained as a mathematician and medical doctor, and then travelled to Russia to serve as the tutor