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Determinism essays philosophy
• the nature and implications of determinism
Determinism essays philosophy
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“The Minority Report”, by Philip K. Dick, is set in the year 2054 where three mutants called “Precogs” have cognitive abilities to see into the future and predict crimes before they happen. These Precogs have been plugged into machines that decode their visions to serve the pre-crime division, which arrests individuals before they commit any crime. Founded and Headed by John Anderton, the pre-crime division has gone five years without failure and has cut down felonies by up to 99.9%. In order for this to happen, all three precogs have the same vision of an even. In some cases, the precogs have different visions, and then a computer analyses the visions and produces a majority report (where two precogs have similar visions) and a minority report …show more content…
Overall, the story raises questions: is the future set and unchangeable, or can free will create an alternate future/reality? Can free will still exist, if the future is known in advance? The fact that there are three precog reports suggests three alternate futures, therefore the existence of several time paths all existing concurrently. Dick suggests that all the time paths are intertwined at some point, and that the existence of a countless number of time paths entails that something can be done to create a better future from the predictions of the precogs. This is shown by the fact that the pre-crime division is able to stop crimes before they even happen. This main theme is also drawn from the paradox that Witwer raises: the pre-crime division arrests individuals who have broken no law. Anderton defends pre-crime by stating that these individuals will eventually commit the crime and their arrest does not change the fact that they would have committed a crime. This then, presents the idea that the future is rigid and whichever path someone takes will lead exactly to one specific moment that cannot be avoided. Therefore, Dick raises a theme of Determination, cancelling the existence of free
Truman Capote establishes respect and trust in what he writes from with audience, ethos, through the use of an extensive variety of facts and statistics, logos. Capote uses so many dates, times, and other facts about the crime committed in the book and the subsequent investigation that the reader has to believe what the author is writing. The use of all these facts shows that Capote did his research and he interviewed, questioned, and obtained the opinions of every person that even slightly important to crime itself and the investigation/trial. The author is obviously very meticulous when it comes to dates and times; every important event in the book has a date and sometimes even a time of day to go with it. Some examples of dates included were the day of the murders (November 15th, 1959), dates of when Perry and Dick were here or there (December 31th, 1959- a small restaurant in Texas or noon on December 25th, 1959- beach in Miami Florida), date when the two criminals were apprehended (January 1st, 1960), dates when they were brought from this prison to that one and finally when they were brought to death’s row (April, 1960). Other small facts are also used by the author, like facts about the criminal’s early lives or experiences that they had, which could only have been obtained through extensive interviews with Perry and Dick. The use of all these logos by Capote establishes strong ethos, showing the reader that the author did more than enough research to show that he has the knowledge to write a whole book on the subject.
In life, multiple factors work together to influence the choices one makes, and these choices affect both one’s present and their future. In a narrative about two boys who share the same identity, their two seperate lives are compared to one another by the differences of their futures. Choice versus Fate is a theme in The Other Wes Moore that is developed throughout the plot to display how the two forces work together and against each other in the two characters’ lives, and to also emphasize the reality that at times, one’s fate is already pre-destined and the choices that one makes may not be impactful enough to change their destiny.
The whole “robbery” was planned by Dick, the drive was planned by Dick, and even the cover up process was his idea. Although he wasn’t the one who pulled the trigger, Dick is equally responsible for the Clutter family murder as Perry. It would take a horrible person to murder a family, but it takes a vial beast to plan, examine, organize, and operate the murder. Dick grew up with loving parents who were no poorer than any other family in the neighborhood. According to both him and his parents, he was a good kid who did well in school and lettered in nine sports. Similar to Perry, he feels cheated in life and is willing to do anything he must to get what he deserves. Along with this, he has zero insight on how to life a normal life. Dick is the type of person to act on his impulses. He 's likes to have a good time and live in the moment. His aspirations are easy money and easy women. With this, he seems to have no ability to weigh the consequences of his actions, and he will do whatever it takes to get his way. This type of momentary reaction is prone to lead a life of “poor decision.” If he’s in need of money, he will write a few bad checks or maybe steal from a store. If this jig wasn’t plentiful enough, he hitches a ride with a stranger to basically rob and kill everyone in the car. Dick was known for being a terrible person as one man stated, “Dick Hickock! Don 't talk to me about
The three sub-parties include the ruling class (Inner Party), the middle class (Outer Party), and lastly the lower class (The Proles). Out of all three of these classes, only the Inner Party has access to luxuries such as real coffee, sugar, and milk. The majority of Oceania’s population lives in poverty as well as fear of Big Brother and the Thought Police. The Big Brother and Thought Police use telescreens to watch the peoples’ every move. In the movie the Minority Report the setting is the future of 2054 Washington, D.C. In this perfect society there has not been a single murder in over six years. The “PreCrime” unit uses three humans (Pre-Cogs) that have special powers to see into the future and predict murders before they actually happen. The PreCrime unit has to scramble to find where exactly the murder is going to happen with the information the Pre-Cogs provide them before it actually happens. The people of Washington, D.C. are scanned wherever they go through eye scanners that are placed all over the city. This allows the PreCrime unit to track people. The settings of 1984 and the Minority Report are different, but many similarities can be found. The biggest similarity in the settings is
Do you ever look back and regret a decision you have made? Although reflecting on past decisions can be healthy and teaches you about yourself for the future, it can also cause you to feel an overwhelming sense of grief and regret. Knowing that your life could be different but it is the way it is because of something you decided is terrifying for almost anyone. However, you do not really know when you are making these choices that are pivotal points. In the book Night, by Elie Wiesel, the main character Eliezer found himself making huge life choices without even realizing it. Only looking back can one identify the exact moments when opportunities were missed. Whether you refer to them as coincidences or missed chances, they are still critical
Capote opposes the death penalty, almost pleading that Perry is insane. As the Psychologist is unsure of whether or not Perry is insane, the court quickly shuts that escape route down. The imminent death of Perry and Dick makes the reader feel split on the two, where they would rather have Dick put to death and let Perry live, if the reader so chooses that Perry is insane.
In respect to the arguments of Ayer and Holbach, the dilemma of determinism and its compatibility with that of free will are found to be in question. Holbach makes a strong case for hard determinism in his System of Nature, in which he defines determinism to be a doctrine that everything and most importantly human actions are caused, and it follows that we are not free and therefore haven’t any moral responsibility in regard to our actions. For Ayer, a compatibilist believing that free will is compatible with determinism, it is the reconciliation and dissolution of the problem of determinism and moral responsibility with free willing that is argued. Ayer believes that this problem can be dissolved by the clarification of language usage and the clarification of what freedom is in relationship to those things that oppose freedom or restrain it. In either case, what is at stake is the free will of an agent, and whether or not that agent is morally responsible. What is to be seen from a discussion of these arguments is the applicability and validity of these two philosophies to situations where one must make a choice, and whether or not that person is acting freely and is thus responsible given his current situation. In this vein, the case of Socrates’ imprisonment and whether or not he acted freely in respect to his decision to leave or stay in prison can be evaluated by the discussion of the arguments presented in respect to the nature of free will in its reconciliation with determinism in the compatibilist vein and its absence in the causality of hard determinism.
Dick presents our main character, Commissioner John Anderton, as the balding, pot-bellied founder of a revolutionary new crime detection system who's been showing his years for longer than he'd care to remember. In the short story, he has just acquired a new assistant, Ed Witwer, and fears being replaced by the younger man. In the beginning, Anderton is portrayed as slightly insecure about his job (to the point of near paranoia of being set-up), as well as his importance to society, though by the e...
Tom Stoppard, in his hit play, Arcadia, utilizes many different themes to show how time affects the understanding of history; none of these themes have a greater impact than that of sex, or “carnal embrace”(1). Arcadia is built on a foundation of love and lust; characters from two different eras, the Regency era and the modern age, show parallels in their desires. “Carnal embrace” is inherent to Arcadia and this is shown when looking at sex’s effect through the lense of determinism. This theory of inevitability states that all things in life can be reduced into a formula that would be able to predict the future. Determinism is incessantly discussed in Arcadia and is even invented by Thomasina, a young girl from the Regency era who shows flashes
Philosophers have pondered over the subject of free will for decades and there still hasn’t been a definite answer to the question of free will. What does free will truly mean? Is it just a figure of our imagination? Or is it something that has been around since the creation of men? These are only a small fraction of questions the topic of free will arises. Free will can be broken down into smaller and fewer overcomplicated categories. A normal person like you has free will if our universe revolves around the fact of determinism, if you believe this theory, then you’d be considered a compatibilist. Compatibilism allows us to hold people responsible for their actions. You believe that the reason why
Metaphysics, as discussed by Richard Taylor, can be defined as the effort to think clearly. In order to contemplate a metaphysical issue, we require data (the common beliefs that people hold about that issue). A metaphysical problem occurs when such data do not agree. To resolve the problem, a theory must be established which removes the conflict by either (a) reconciling the conflicting data, or (b) proving one set of data to be false. Metaphysical thought has inspired many theories that attempt to address the conflicting data of determinism and freedom. Freedom, as defined by Hume, is "the ability to act according to the determinations of the will". Freedom allows for moral responsibility.
...eport” are disregarded and destroyed the instant they occur. Despite working for Precrime for a long time, Anderton was shocked to know that such important information was not told. Since there are times when there is a “minority report” the outcome of a prediction of a future murder is rather uncertain. Even if there is a small possibility of a “minority report” there could still be a possibility that the perpetrator or murderer would not commit the murder attempt.
Imagine starting your day and not having a clue of what to do, but you begin to list the different options and routes you can take to eventually get from point A to point B. In choosing from that list, there coins the term “free will”. Free will is our ability to make decisions not caused by external factors or any other impediments that can stop us to do so. Being part of the human species, we would like to believe that we have “freedom from causation” because it is part of our human nature to believe that we are independent entities and our thoughts are produced from inside of us, on our own. At the other end of the spectrum, there is determinism. Determinism explains that all of our actions are already determined by certain external causes
The Minority Report by Philip K. Dick tells the story of a dystopia society that apropos the concept of a post-crime system called Precrime. This successful short story follows the protagonist, John A. Anderton, Precrime Commissioner, living in a futuristic society, Precrime police officers prevent homicides with the aid of precog mutants; precrime methodology has boldly and successfully abolished the post-crime system of jails and fines. However, Precrime has created an unfavorable recalcitrant idea: Citizens believe they are constantly under surveillance. Anderton: “We seldom get actual murder or treason. After all, the culprit knows we 'll confine him in the detention camp a week before he gets a chance to commit the crime.” Dick, Philip
Freedom is a human value that has inspired many poets, politicians, spiritual leaders, and philosophers for centuries. Poets have rhapsodized about freedom for centuries. Politicians present the utopian view that a perfect society would be one where we all live in freedom, and spiritual leaders teach that life is a spiritual journey leading the soul to unite with God, thus achieving ultimate freedom and happiness. In addition, we have the philosophers who perceive freedom as an inseparable part of our nature, and spend their lives questioning the concept of freedom and attempting to understand it (Transformative Dialogue, n.d.).