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• the nature and implications of determinism
Culture and subculture theory
• the nature and implications of determinism
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Determinist Theory: predicts that the behaviors and characteristics that people show are mediated by “urbanism,” or example delinquency seem as a consequence due to the negative exposure to urban environments. Wirth's essay “Urbanism as a Way of Life” studied the social disorganization of the urban life also known as “community lost perspective.”Although Wirth argues that life in the city is goal oriented, anomic and segmented, other theories argue that “urbanism” does affects social behavior but there is not proof that “urbanism” causes mental health, and isolation (152-153).
Compositional Theory: this theory examines multiple ways of urban life, it discusses the impact that “urbanism” has on kinship ethnicity, neighbor relations and occupation behaviors in urban areas. According to the theory the composition of the group is what matters , each area or every group have their own moral codes, and rules of behavior. Gans states that people are influence more by the nature of their community and/or group than by the density , size or heterogeneity , the Chicago School called this the :mosaic of social worlds.” This theory is similar to the subcultural theory (153-154).
Subcultural theory: According to Fischer this theory attempts to deal with social problems and how relative is space is to individual actions and the value of their group. Fischer states that macro-structure of the urban society shapes the social world and forms subcultures (154).
How do they (theories) help you understand the development of cities? The physical complex of a city will transformed the social constructions of a city. As a city grows so does the behavior of the citizens of such city. The constructors of cities usually promotes an open space whet...
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...reality is that they were escaping from the city overpopulation, traffic congestion and problems such as poverty and crime. With the emergence of suburbia, the white affluent people benefited from the amenities that both the country and city offered them. Although things are changing from and people claimed that segregation has ended, there is still segregation of groups. I hope to see one day that there are no differences between social classes, races, ethnicity, or religions, I hope to see a world where every citizen has the same rights. A world where people do not have to die of hunger or because they did not have health care. To achieve that everyone has to get involved in the planning and development of cities, to build a more community oriented city where the beneficiaries are those who form the communities, and not the government or the big corporation.
“There is a continuum between free and unfree, with many or most acts lying somewhere in between.” (Abel, 322) This statement is a good summation of how Nancy Holmstrom’s view of free will allows for degrees of freedom depending on the agent’s control over the situation. Holmstrom’s main purpose in her Firming Up Soft Determinism essay was to show that people can have control over the source of their actions, meaning that people can have control over their desires and beliefs, and because of this they have free will. She also tried to show that her view of soft determinism was compatible with free will and moral responsibility. While Holmstrom’s theory about the self’s being in control, willingness to participate, and awareness of an act causes the act to be free, has some merit, her choice to incorporate soft determinism ultimately proved to invalidate her theory.
ABSTRACT: There are good reasons for determinism — the option for pure freedom of will proves to be a non-tenable position. However, this collides with the everyday experience of autonomy. The following argument will attempt to show that determinism and autonomy are compatible. (1) A first consideration going back to MacKay makes clear that I myself cannot foresee in principle my own determination; hence fatalism has lost its grounds. (2) From the perspective of physical determination, I show that quantum-physical indetermination is not at all in a position to explain autonomy, while from the perspective of systems theory physical determination and autonomy is well-compatible. (3) The possibility of knowledge denotes a further increase of such autonomy. From this perspective, acting is something like designing-oneself or choice-of-oneself. (4) Consciousness of not being fixed in principle now becomes a determining condition of my acting, which appears to be determined by autonomy. This explains the ineradicable conviction that freedom of will is essential for human beings. (5) I conclude that the autonomy of acting is greater the more that rational self-determination takes the place of stupid arbitrariness.
Ethnicities wanted to be with their own race. This began the movement of the development of ethnic neighborhoods. Although many et...
Determinism, a doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes external to the will, especially when up against nature. An influential component found in naturalistic writing, London, Garland, and Crane each lend their writing to this movement, realism, modeled after the writings of Darwin, Marx, and Freud. Determinism, generally pessimistic, presents itself in the form of Koskoosh, an elderly, blind man left to die by his tribe. This indigenous, cold-climate tribe embraces the “survival of the fittest” mentality. Simply surviving was a burden for this tribe and they certainly did not have the resources to sustain a dependent person. The story mentions the good times when the dogs and people were fat, as
This investigation is based on the assumption that gentrification with all its troubles can’t be prevented and is an inherent part of every city. What are the negative impacts of gentrification? What are the underlying mechanisms that feed these impacts? What drives these mechanisms? What would be an alternative scenario?
Although they needed African Americans for their factories and work ethics they did not agree with them having the same rights or sharing any rights with them. They wanted them just to work for them and have authority over African Americans. The more Africans Americans populated their living area, the more whites felt upon to call for action. For example whites wanted to feel much superior...”African Americans had to step off the sidewalk when a white person approached”(Digital Collection for the Classroom). This quote illustrates how whites did anything in their power to feel superior. The Great Migration caused whites to fear and enable them to more injustice actions. Although the Great Migration did benefit many African Americans in certain aspects it also crated unintended consequences. Due to the large growth of the African-American population there was an increasing competition amongst the migrants for employment and living space in the growing crowded cities of the North. Besides, racism and prejudice led to the interracial strife and race riots, worsening the situation between the whites and the African Americans. Racism became even more of a national problem. The Great Migration intensions were to let African Americans live a better life style economically wise and help them from poverty not cause even more issues with racism or become competition against others. Because many white people did not want to sell their property to African Americans, they began to start their own exclusive cities within that area of sell. These exclusive cities were called the “ Ghetto”(Black, 2013). The ghetto was subject to high illness, violence, high crime rate, inadequate recreational facilities; lack of building repairs, dirty streets, overcrowded schools; and mistreatment from the law enforcement. Although the ghetto cities helped unify African Americans as
The problem of free will and determinism is a mystery about what human beings are able to do. The best way to describe it is to think of the alternatives taken into consideration when someone is deciding what to do, as being parts of various “alternative features” (Van-Inwagen). Robert Kane argues for a new version of libertarianism with an indeterminist element. He believes that deeper freedom is not an illusion. Derk Pereboom takes an agnostic approach about causal determinism and sees himself as a hard incompatibilist. I will argue against Kane and for Pereboom, because I believe that Kane struggles to present an argument that is compatible with the latest scientific views of the world.
Determinism currently takes two related forms: hard determinism and soft determinism [1][1]. Hard determinism claims that the human personality is subject to, and a product of, natural forces. All of our choices can be accounted for by reference to environmental, social, cultural, physiological and hereditary (biological) causes. Our total character is a product of these environmental, social, cultural, physiological and hereditary forces, thus our beliefs, desires, values and habits are all outside of our control. The hard determinist, therefore, claims that our choices are determined by these factors; free will is an illusion because the choices and decisions we make are derived from our character, which is completely out of our control in creating. An example might help illustrate this point. Consider a man who has just repeatedly stabbed another man outside of a bar; the other man is dead. The hard determinist would argue that there were factors outside of the killer’s control which led him to this action. As a child, he was constantly beaten by his father and was the object of ridicule and contempt of his classmates. This trend of hard luck would continue all his life. Coupled with the fact that he has a gene that has been identified with male aggression, he could not control himself when he pulled the knife out and started stabbing the other man. All this aggression, and all this history were the determinate cause of his action.
It will be argued that both African-Americans and Native-Americans, were able successfully able to develop very urbanized communities that were functionally similar, but culturally and ethnically distinct. The various similarities and differences between the two groups East Bay and LA experience will be addressed, including the motivations of such groups to move to California; how both groups were able to discover collectivism and community; how there was a progression from the first generations to the second; and the overall cultural impacts that such groups left in California.
Very few people would want to live in a place where they don’t have security. Whether it be in cities or subdivisions, Jacobs, if alive, would ascertain that there needs to be a sense of connectedness to maintain communal safety. Public living “bring[s] together people who do not know each other in an intimate, private social fashion and in most cases do not care to know each other in that fashion” (Jacobs 55). Now that families typically center themselves around suburban lifestyles, residents should understand that the same connections that Jacobs says were to be made in cities need to now be made in subdivisions. Jacobs was scared that with houses being spread out in the suburbs, little interaction between neighbors would take place. In order to avoid this, neighborhoods need to promote a sidewalk lifestyle that they currently do not (Jacobs 70). With Kotkin stressing how urban areas are no longer preferable places to raise a family, saying only seven percent of their populations are children, he lacks compassion for the transients that now inhabit cities. Undoubtedly, those who now inhabit the city should also feel safe in their environments. Nowadays, members of a city isolate themselves from interactions with other citizens making it difficult to establish a social
In Jane Jacobs’s acclaimed The Life and Death of Great American Cities, she intricately articulates urban blight and the ills of metropolitan society by addressing several binaries throughout the course of the text. One of the more culturally significant binaries that Jacobs relies on in her narrative is the effectively paradoxical relationship between diversity and homogeneity in urban environments at the time. In particular, beginning in Chapter 12 throughout Chapter 13, Jacobs is concerned greatly with debunking widely held misconceptions about urban diversity.
The nineteenth century “Urban Crisis” featured a period of poverty, “white flight”, redlining, and urban redevelopment. During the 1930s America was slowly recovering from the great Depression and President Roosevelt had developed a New Deal. Since money was a major factor that led to the stock market crash, Roosevelt had to create plans that would allow America to balance its wealth. This meant that individuals would be able to receive jobs and would have enough funds to provide for their families. Shortly after these plans, white Americans migrated to the suburbs and slums were cleared. This opened up many job positions and the majority of Americans were able to work. However, this left out the poor individuals and the terms of the plan only gave minorities opportunities for low waged jobs. “Vanishing Jobs in Racialized America” by Nelson Lichtenstein features the author Thomas Sugrue who “redefined a chronology of racial conflict and urban decline” (Lichtenstein 2). Sugrue observed that American leaders constructed the new deals in a way that placed limits upon minorities. This included them receiving the worst jobs and being pushed into separate neighborhoods. Sugrue’s perspective is only one of the many claims that scholars posed while talking about slums. It was difficult to determine who was responsible for the way that black inner city neighborhoods developed. The U.S. leaders, redevelopment policies, and minorities were three of the suspected causes of the urban crisis. Despite the many accusations, most scholars identify with the idea that inner city people were all affected negatively impacted by the Urban Crisis. Isolation, a loss of ambition and disorganizations are three of the key ...
Therefore we are not free to act as we wish due to our actions being
Freedom is a human value that has inspired many poets, politicians, spiritual leaders, and philosophers for centuries. Poets have rhapsodized about freedom for centuries. Politicians present the utopian view that a perfect society would be one where we all live in freedom, and spiritual leaders teach that life is a spiritual journey leading the soul to unite with God, thus achieving ultimate freedom and happiness. In addition, we have the philosophers who perceive freedom as an inseparable part of our nature, and spend their lives questioning the concept of freedom and attempting to understand it (Transformative Dialogue, n.d.).
The perk of living in the heart of the city is the propitiousness of getting to the suburban area in a short amount of time. When you live in Sacramento, you have Lake Tahoe to go to when you want to enjoy and stay away from the buzz of the city and when you want to visit a big city; San Francisco is only two hours away. It is important to know what Sacramento has to offer. According to Morales, “it is constantly overshadowed by cosmopolitan places in its own state, Sacramento is undergoing a transition, with technological and cultural developments breathing new life into the California capital”(1). Before indulging more into the advantages and disadvantages of each lifestyle, let’s elucidate the meaning of urban living and suburbia.