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The Theory of Evolution for and against
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The Theory of Evolution for and against
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Frederick Sanger was a biochemist that was born August 13th in Rendcomb, England, and died November 19th 2013 in Cambridge England. His father was a physician who wanted him to follow his tracks and stay in the medical field (Farrel). He instead went into biochemistry, attending Cambridge University and he would later be the first to sequence the amino acids in insulin, and also be the first to sequence DNA (DNA From the Beginning). He won many awards for these great achievements, including the Nobel Prize. Sanger shaped genetic sequencing as we know it today, and he is responsible for many genetic advances we have made.
Frederick Sanger got his Bachelors degree in natural sciences in the year 1939. He then pursued his PH.D at Cambridge in
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He worked on sequencing amino acids first; in 1955 Sanger was able to determine the whole sequence for the protein insulin. He discovered that the protein insulin is actually made of two separate chains of amino acids. Not only was insulin the first protein to be sequenced ever, but also it provided much more to the scientific community (Farrel). It leads to the idea that DNA could possibly be sequenced too, because it was also made of proteins. In 1951, him and a team made of Francis Crick, John Kendrew, Aaron Klug and a few others started to sequence DNA of a bacteriophage called phi-X 174 (DNA From the Beginning). Sanger also developed a method to sequence DNA. This method was called the Diodexy Method. This technique has now been automated and is still the primary way to sequence DNA. The automated Diodexy Method was actually used in the Human Genome Project as the primary way they sequenced the DNA …show more content…
Famous biologists, such as R.A. Fisher, J.B.S Haldane, Sewall Wright, and W.D. Hamilton worked on and developed the idea of evolution by natural selection with Mendelian genetics, producing the modern synthesis (Wikipedia: History of Biology). Sanger was the first to discover that proteins were made of amino acids arranged in different ways. It was already known that proteins were made of amino acids, but no one before Sanger knew that to make different proteins, the 20 amino acids had to be organized in different patterns (Farrel). Much like the alphabet, these 20 acids could be combined in an infinite amount of ways, to produce an infinite amount of proteins. As for rewards, Sanger has earned 2 Nobel Prizes (one in 1958 and one in 1980), Corday-Morgan Medal in 1951, Prize of the Chemical Society in 1951, and a few more awards (Nobel Prize.org). Sanger is one of a few people who have one multiple Nobel Prizes in one category. He one his first Nobel Prize sequencing amino acids in insulin, and the second for sequencing DNA (DNA From the
Dorothy Wardell’s article titled “Margaret Sanger: Birth Control’s Successful Revolutionary” explains what inspired Sanger ideas on contraception and what problems she faced while working to change the notions and laws on Birth Control. The central argument presented by Wardell is that Sanger’s efforts led to privileges for women’s bodies and health centers providing methods for women to act on these privileges (Wardell, 736). Although Wardell is effective in supporting her argument, it would be stronger if she included some historical context and evidence of Sanger’s opinion in her own words found in a speech of hers and in Family Limitation.
Margaret Sanger was the founder of The American League of Birth Control which later became Planned Parenthood and her argument in those times was that it was not fair for women who were from a lower class could not have access to Birth Control.
How Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Structure of DNA Influenced American Industries and Scientific Development in the United States
“No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body”. Margaret Sanger stated this quote for the purpose of letting all women know that they should have the choice to make decisions about their own body whenever plausible. She seemed to feel as though, if women can’t obtain control over what they want to do with their body, then they can never truly be free in other manners as well. Sanger is an amazingly determined woman who was able to give all women the chance to gain control and power over their body. Margaret Sanger is an important figure in the 1920s American History because not only did she create and establish the first birth control clinics, but she also gave women the chance to take control over their body.
In 1859, Charles Darwin, a geologist published ‘The Origin of species.’ This book was published in a society where the idea of a descent with change or evolution was not a controversial topic. Darwin used the data from his experiments on nature to convince everybody that his theory of Natural selection was correct.
James D. Watson is a molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist. He is well known as one of the two men who discovered DNA. The other man who helped discover DNA is Francis Crick. Francis is a biologist, neurologist and a biophysicist.
Margaret Sanger was born in 1879 to parents Michael and Anne. Margaret’s mother died at age 49 after bearing 11 children. Supported by her two older sisters, Margaret attended Claverack College and Hudson River Institute, before enrolling in 1900 at White Plains Hospital to be a nurse probationer. In 1902, she married architect William Sanger and gave up her education.Though she was victim to a recurring and active tubercular disease, Margaret gave birth to three children, and eventually settled down in Westchester, New York.
Charles Darwin came up with the theory of evolution and used the term natural selection to describe it. He proposed that all living species derived from a common ancestor. In On the Origin of Species (1859), Darwin explained: “if variations useful to any organic being do occur, assuredly individuals thus characterised will have the best chance of being preserved in the struggle for life; and from the strong principles of inheritance, will then tend to produce offspring similarly characterised” (p127).
A master and maker in many fields, Linus Pauling lived a very long and productive life spanning nearly the entire twentieth century. By the time he was in his twenties, he had made a name for himself as a scientist. After many significant contributions including his work on the nature of the chemical bond, he turned to chemical biology and is generally accepted as the founder of molecular biology. Later in his life he became very involved in issues of politics and peace for which he is somewhat less well known. In his later years, he became interested in health and medicine and specifically in the use of vitamin C to prevent ailments from the common cold to cancer.
Charles Darwin contributed majorly to the evolutionary theory and was the first to consider the concept of natural selection. The evolutionary theory states that evolutionary change comes through the production of genetic variation in each generation and survival of individuals with different combinations of these characters. Individuals with characteristics which increase their probability of survival will have more opportunities to reproduce and their offspring will also benefit from the heritable, advantageous characteristic. So over time these variants will spread through the population. (S.Montgomery, 2009)
The impact these men had on religious thought was tremendous. Some of them are the starting points for many of the controversies existing today. Of all the scientists, historians, and philosophers in the nineteenth century, the most influential and controversial was Charles Darwin. Born in 1809, Charles Darwin always had an interest in the nature, so he chose to study botany in college. His strengths in botany led him to become the naturalist on the H.M.S. Beagle. On a trip to South America, he and the rest of the crew visited the near by Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. It was there he noticed many different variations of the same general plants and birdshe saw previously in South America. He also observed ancient fossils of extinct organisms that closely resembled modern organisms. By 1859, all of these observations inspired him to write down his theories. He wanted to explain how evolution had occurred through a process called natural selection. In his published work, On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, or On the Origin of Species for short, Darwin stated that, "new species have come on the stage slowly and at successive intervals."(1) He also said, "old forms are supplanted by new and improved forms," and all organisms play a part in the "struggle for life.
Rosalind Franklin When you think of who discovered DNA, the names Watson and Cricke may. come to mind. In reality, many other scientists' research leads to their discovery of the world. That information was not necessarily given freely. When Watson saw a picture of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin, a "light bulb" went on.
Gustav Stresemann, the Reichskanzler of Weimar Republic and a German Foreign Minister in 1923-1929, had a short-term significance on Germany’s role in Europe as his diplomatic skills and policies of cooperation helped his country to ultimately gain its equality in the European arena. From its birth until 1923, the Weimar faced problems, which seemed to reduce under Stresemann’s time in power when “diplomacy served as a lightning rod for the currents of opposition to the Weimar Republic.” Stresemann’s main objective was to end German diplomatic isolation. His key foreign policy achievements were the Locarno Treaties 1925, the Treaty of Berlin 1926 and German entry into the League of Nations 1926. Stresemann was instrumental in the development of German's role in Europe, leading his country to the “Golden Years of Weimar”, which is evident from his Peace Prize award for his diplomatic work.
He distinguished between arteries and veins as well as established embryology by studying chicks.... ... middle of paper ... ... They determined that DNA was a double helix structure composed of base pairings, with a sugar phosphate backbone. This model explained how “genes can duplicate themselves [and] would eventually lead to our current understanding of many things, from genetic disease to genetic engineering” (Salem).
Charles Darwin, the English naturalist and geologist is attributed and accredited for his theory of evolution. His theory of evolution is based on the premise that strong heritable traits help individuals to survive in adverse and inimical environments.