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Chapter4 Analysis Of Financial Statements
Chapter4 Analysis Of Financial Statements
Importance of financial statement analysis
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ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT
The various tools of financial statement are used for decision-making process. The financial statement becomes a tool for future planning and forecasting. The analysis of these statements involves their division according to similar groups and arranged in desired form. The interpretation involves the explanation of financial facts in a simplifiers manner.
Objectives of Analysis and Interpretation:
The users of financial statement have definite objectives to analysis and interpret .Therefore; there are variations in the objectives of interpretation by various classes of people. However, there are certain specific and common objectives which are listed below:
To interpret the profitability
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The process of analysis is classified on the basis of information used and ‘modus operandi’ of analysis. The classification is as under:
Financial statement analysis
On the basis of information on basis of ‘modus operandi’ of
Used: analysis:
(a) External analysis (a) Horizontal analysis
(b) Internal analysis (b) Vertical analysis
LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS
Financial statement analysis is a very important device but it has Certain limitation which are to be kept in mind. Following are the limitations of financial statement analysis.
Based on past data:
The nature of financial statements is historical. Past cannot be the index of future estimation, forecasting, budgeting and planning.
Financial statement analysis cannot be a substitute for judgment :
Analysis is a tools which can be utilized usefully by an expert may lead to erroneous conclusion by unskilled analysis. Thus the result analysis cannot be considered as judgment or conclusion.
Reliability of figures:
The accuracy and reliability of analysis depends on reliability of figures derived from financial statement.
Different interpretation:
Result of the analysis may be interpreted differently by different
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Profit earning is considered essential for the survival of the business. There are two types of profitability ratios profit margin ratio and the rate of return ratios. Profit margin ratio shows the relationship between profit and sales.
Popular profit margin ratios are gross profit margin and net profit margin ratio. Rate of return ratio reflects between profit and investment. The important rates of return measures are rate of return on total assets and rate in equity.
EARNINGS RATIOS:
Earnings are income to the shareholders of the share invested by them. Hence the earning ratio will be useful to the investors to the value of the shares that is been holding by them
COMPARATIVE BALANCE SHEET:
The comparative balance sheet is helpful in analysing and evaluating the financial position of the firm over a period of years. The comparative balance sheet analyse is the study of the trend of the same items, group of items, and computed items in two or more balance sheet of the same business enterprise on different dates.
The changes in periodic balance sheet items reflect the conduct of a business. The changes can be observed by comparison of the balance sheet at the beginning and at the end of the period and these changes can help in forming an opinion about the progress of an
Financial statement analysis: theory, application and interpretation / Leopold A Bernstein and John J. Wild 6th edition Mc Graw Hill 1998
The collection of these three financial statements identifies the financial position of the corporation to help identify the way forward financially for the company. Once all of the data has been collected for the annual reporting the corporation can analyze the data through the different financial ratios including the liquidity ratio, the asset management ratio, and the profitability ratio.
It is a profitability ratio and it calculates the ability of the company to produce profit from the investments of its shareholders. It shows the profit generated by each dollar of shareholder’s equity. It is important ratio because investors always see that how efficiently and effectively the management of the company is using their wealth to generate profit.
Ratio of profitability is distinct to examine a firm’s ability to produce cash flow which is comparative to some metric. This is to establish the amount invested in the company. This ratio analyses and a...
Every business must earn sufficient profits to sustain the operations of the business and to fund expansion and growth and reward its shareholders. Profitability ratios are used to analysis the earning capacity of the business which is the outcome of utilization of resources employed in the business. There is a close relationship between the profit and the efficiency with which the resources employed in the business are utilized.
Profitability ratios are a category of financial tools that are utilized to evaluate a company’s capability to produce revenue as associated to its expenditures and costs suffered during a specific timeframe. Profitability ratios present numerous gauges of the achievements of a company’s ability to produce revenue. For most of these ratios, having a greater figure in relation to a competitor or previous timeframe is suggestive that the business is flourishing. Common profitability ratios are profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity.
A balance sheet can be given at any point in time but only shows a particular date. There are two other names for a balance sheet, statement of condition or statement of financial position. The main characteristic of for the balance sheet is that it assesses liquidity. Liquidity describes the degree to which an asset or security can be quickly bought or sold in the market without affecting the asset 's price (Investopedia.com). In order to fully understand a balance sheet you must first understand the relationship of every account and the financial statements simultaneously. The balance sheet informs us that asset equals liabilities plus stockholders’ equity. Assets are items possessing service or use potential to owner (Fraser & Ormiston, 2012). Liabilities are lawful dues or obligations that organizations have while doing business. Stockholder’s equity is represents the capital obtained from investors in order to receive stock. There are two main sources that stockholders’ equity comes from and that is money and retained earnings that was accumulated over time
According to the conceptual framework, the potential users of financial statements are investors, creditors, suppliers, employees, customers, governments and agencies, and the general public (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2006). The primary users are investors, creditors, and those who advise them. It goes on to define the criteria that make up each potential user, as well as, the limitations of financial reporting. The FASB explicitly states that financial reporting is “but one source of information needed by those who make investment, credit, and similar resource allocation decisions. Users also need to consider pertinent information from other sources, and be aware of the characteristics and limitations of the information in them” (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2006). With this in mind, it is still particularly difficult to determine whom the financials should be catered towards and what level of prudence is necessary for quality judgment.
Return on owner's equity (ROE) ratio: Net profit after taxes/Total shareholders equity. This ratio is calculated as net profit after tax divided by the total shareholders equity. This ratio measures the shareholders rate of return on their investment in the company. Activity ratios are another group of ratios; it's usually used to measure the ability to optimize the use of the available resources. These ratios are other measures of operational efficiency and performance. Among this group of ratios is the turnover to capital employed or return on investment (ROI)
Profitability ratios express ability of the company to produce profit. This shows how well a company is performing in a given period of time. To compare the profitability for the companies, the investors use profitability ratios that are return on equity, profit margin, asset turnover, gross profit, earning per share. Return on asset indicates overall profitability of assets. It is the relationship between net income and average total assets. GM has 0.034 and Ford has 0.036. This indicates Ford is more profitable. Profit margin is how much of every dollar of sales the company keeps. Computing profit margin, net income divided by net sales. This indicates higher profit margin is more profitable and it has better control. Thus, GM’s profit margin is 3.4 percentages and Ford’s is 4.9 percentages. This indicates Ford has better control profitably compared to GM. Next ratio is gross profit rate. It is how much of every dollar is left over after paying costs of goods sold. Assets turnover represents how efficiency a company uses its assets to sales. This ratio is relationship between net sales and average total assets. GM’s is 0.98 and Ford’s is 0.75. This result represents GM is using its assets more efficiently. Gross profit margin is dividing gross profit, which is equal to net sales less cost of gods sold, by net sales. This ratio indicates ability to maintain selling price above its cost of goods sold. GM’s gross profit rate is 11.6 percentages. Ford’s is 5.7 percentages. GM is higher ratio, and it indicates strong net income. Also, it indicates the company has to spend lower operating expenses and the company is able to spend left money for covering fixed costs. Earnings per share indicate the company’s net earnings to each share common stock. This ratio shows margin between selling price and cost of goods sold. From these companies’ income statement, GM is $2.71 and Ford is $1.82. Because GM’s value is higher relative to Ford’s,
The Purpose of Financial Statements The financial statements of a business are used to provide information about the status of the business, set performance targets and impose restrictions on the managers of the firm as well as provide an easier method for financial planning. The financial statements consist of the Profit and Loss Account, Balance Sheet and the Cash Flow Statement. There are four areas of information, which we can collect from a company's financial statements. They are: Ÿ Profitability - This information comes from the Profit and Loss account. Were we can compare this year's profit with the previous years.
The purpose of this document is to describe the nature, purpose and scope of accounting and it deliberately explains the details of each category in accounting. Accounting involves in preparing financial documents of an entity by analyzing, verifying, and reporting this records. It emphasizes its major characteristic role in field of banking and finance, with a mixture of supportive sub topics.
Balance sheet is a financial statement which is widely used by accountants for businesses. Balance sheet is also known as the statement of financial position because it helps us to present company’s financial position at the end of a specified period. (fresh books, 2016)
Financial statement analysis is used to identify the trends and relationships between financial statement items. Both internal management and external user such as analysts, creditors and investors of the financial statements need to evaluate a company’s profitability, liquidity and solvency. The most common methods used for financial statement analysis are comparative statements, common-size statements, fund flow analysis and ratio analysis. These methods include calculations and comparisons of the results to historical company data, competitors, or industry averages to determine the relative strength and the performance of the company being analyzed. For this assignment I have chosen Telecommunication Company, Digi.Com Berhad and Maxis Berhad for evaluating their financial performance based on the calculated...
Owners and managers require financial statements to make important business decisions that affect its continued operations. Financial analysis is then performed on these statements to provide management with a more detailed understanding of the figures. These statements are also used as part of management's annual report to the stockholders.