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Auditing:generally accepted auditing practice
Internal Auditing Procedures
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Revenue serves as a representation of how much a company is worth in terms of how many products sold or services offered. The revenue recognition principle states that “revenue should be recognized when earned” (Averkamp 2004, online). When revenue is recognized is split over several periods, it can make a company appear to be more profitable, and display a stability in earnings that does not exist. When revenue is recorded as one lump sum at a future period such a recession, it can make companies appear to be profitable during a time when they should not be. In his book, Financial Shenanigans, Howard Schilit discusses several ways in which companies manipulate revenue; I will be discussing three of those situations. Schilit states that sometimes companies “record revenue from transactions that lack economic substance” to boost their profits (2010, p. 76). This method focused on selling customers intangible products that were not necessary. The problem with this is that it deceptive in that is allows companies the freedom to prey on the gullible. It is a known fact that most people will buy anything if they believe that it will protect their future, and when money is involved that fear doubles. Auditors can detect this by knowing their clients’ product offerings and asking …show more content…
What he means by this is that sometimes when the parties doing business know each other, their objectivity can get lost in the decision making process. One party may miss or knowingly overlook something, so that they other can benefit such as a discounted rate on a service or product. From an outside perspective, that could be perceived as shady business practices. Auditors can detect these acts by doing their due diligence and making sure that all of the numbers in their client’s financial statements add
3. Which of the following is not normally a condition that must be met for revenue to be recognized
During the audit 213 sales transactions were examined to test revenue controls; 82 deviations were found and are as follows:
situation in the United States and an unfold story about his family money stash , I can relate to
Auditors do not provide audit opinions for different levels of assurance. Therefore, auditors consider providing more or less assurance when modifying evidence for engagement risk to be unnecessary. However, auditors should be professionally responsible to accumulate additional evidence, assign more experienced personnel, and review the audit more thoroughly, particularly when a client poses a higher than normal degree of engagement risk. The auditor should also modify evidence for engagement risk when high legal exposure and other potential actions affecting the auditor
Madura, Jeff. What Every Investor Needs to Know About Accounting Fraud. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. 1-156
Bernard Madoff had full control of the organizational leadership of Bernard Madoff Investments Securities LLC. Madoff used charisma to convince his friends, members of elite groups, and his employees to believe in him. He tricked his clients into believing that they were investing in something special. He would often turn potential investors down, which helped Bernard in targeting the investors with more money to invest. Bernard Madoff created a system which promised high returns in the short term and was nothing but the Ponzi scheme. The system’s idea relied on funds from the new investors to pay misrepresented and extremely high returns to existing investors. He was doing this for years; convincing wealthy individuals and charities to invest billions of dollars into his hedge fund. And they did so because of the extremely high returns, which were promised by Madoff’s firm. If anyone would have looked deeply into the structure of his firm, it would have definitely shown that something is wrong. This is because nobody can make such big money in the market, especially if no one else could at the time. How could one person, Madoff, hold all of his clients’ assets, price them, and manage them? It is clearly a conflict of interest. His company was showing high profits year after year; despite most of the companies in the market having losses. In fact, Bernard Madoff’s case is absolutely stunning when you consider the range and number of investors who got caught up in it.
Financial Shenanigans was written by Howard Schilit. The main objective of the book is to show ways companies can alter their financial accounting reports to reflect a much attractive appearance of their company’s health and growth when indeed that company is running into severe trouble. There are different ways the company can accomplish this and the author gives us “Seven Shenanigans” that companies can change the investor’s point of view towards the performance of the company. Basically, he breaks up each chapter to the particular shenanigan and discusses different techniques for achieving each shenanigan. For example, the author used Priceline.com, Cendant/CUC, AOL, and Xerox to illustrate each shenanigan. Chapter 11 and 12 of the book discusses the analyzing of financial reports and how to use financial databases to discover warning signs. Then there is another chapter on finding shenanigans in the company’s annual 10K report and how to find hints for financial shenanigans.
for a product over a period of time. It shows the revenue by a product
This accounting principle requires companies to use the accrual basis of accounting. The accounting method under which revenues are recognized on the income statement when they are earned (rather than when the cash is received). The balance sheet is also affected at the time of the revenues by either an increase in Cash (if the service or sale was for cash), an increase in Accounts Receivable (if the service was performed on credit), or a decrease in Unearned Revenues (if the service was performed after the customer had paid in advance for the service).
Accounting fraud refers to fraud that is committed by a company by maintaining false information about the sales and income in the company books, when overstating the company's assets or profits, when a company is actually undergoing a loss. These fraudulent records are then used to seek investment in the company's bond or security issues. By showing these false entries, the company attempts to apply fraudulent loan applications as a final attempt to save the company by obtaining more money from bankruptcy. Accounting frauds is actually done to hide the company’s actual financial issues.
For those who do not know what fraud is, it’s basically deception by showing people what they want to see. In business it’s the same concept, but in a larger scale by means of manipulating figures that will be shown to shareholders and investors. Before Sarbanes Oxley Act there was “Enron Corporation”, a fortune 500 company that managed to falsify their statements claiming revenues over 101 billion in a span of 15 years. In order for us to understand how this corporation managed to deceive the public for so long, the documentary or movie “Smartest Guys in the Room” goes into depth by providing viewers with first-hand information from people that worked close with or for “Enron”.
Carr illustrates his point with a poker analogy. According to Carr just like poker has ethics of its own, business also has ethics of its own which differ from the standard rules of morality. People who are playing poker do not obey to the same moral rules that they would follow in other situations. Carr demonstrates that in poker, lying and dishonesty are benefits; whereas in normal circumstances those traits are immoralities. It is therefore a mistake to judge business practices by rules of everyday morality. Thus, by businesses obeying their own moral standards their practices are morally acceptable. However, a person can argue that business is not a game and that people’s means of support is at stake. In addition, it is highly unclear that consumers or stakeholders have accepted these rules or are in on this “game”. In poker, one chooses to play the game and accepts its rules; however, in business one is forced to play the game of business. William Shaw is one of the people that criticized Carr’s claim and responds that Carr is defending a kind of ethical relativism. Ethical relativism refers to the idea that what is right and wrong depends on one’s own culture or society. Shaw agrees that the consumers of business have no choice of playing the game of business therefore ...
FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts (CON) 5, Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises, set forth the historic guiding principle to revenue recognition. Pursuant to paragraph 83, for revenue to be recognized it must be (a) realized or realizable and (b) earned. Revenues are “realized” when products, goods, services, or other assets are exchanged for cash or claims to cash. They are “realizable” when related assets received or held are readily convertible to known amounts of cash or claims of cash. Revenue is “earned” when an entity has “substantially accomplished what it must do to be entitled to the benefits represented by the revenues.” SEC Staff Accounting Bulleting (SAB) 104, Revenue Recognition issued in December 2003 provided additional guidance to when revenue is realized or realizable and earned setting forth four basic criteria: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (2) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, (3) the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and (4) collectibility is reasonable assured.
Total revenue, which is the total amount of income received from the sales of a certain quantity of goods or services. Total revenue can be calculated by multiplying the price of a product times the quantity sold. For instance, if 160 baseball caps are sold and each baseball cap was priced at $5 each, the total revenue would be (160*5) $180.
Also, people in the finance department create revenue models using data, which is a more accurate way to show which