Fermentation of Apple Cider
“Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to
humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world. Science is the highest personification of the nation because that nation will remain the first which carries the furthest the works of thought and intelligence.” – Louis Pasteur, Great French Scientist (1822-1892).
Fermentation is chemical changes in organic substances produced by the action of enzymes. This general definition includes virtually all chemical reactions of physiological importance, and scientists today often restrict the term to the action of specific enzymes, called ferments, produced by minute organisms such as molds, bacteria, and yeasts. Generally, fermentation results in the breakdown of complex organic substances into simpler ones through the action of catalysts (Encarta).
Fermentation , originally, is the foaming that occurs during the manufacture of wine and beer, a process at least 10,000 years old. That the frothing results from the evolution of carbon dioxide gas was not recognized until the 17th century. Louis Pasteur in the 19th century used the term fermentation in a narrow sense to describe the changes brought about by yeasts and other microorganisms growing in the absence of air (anaerobically); he also recognized that ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are not the only products of fermentaion (Britannica).
In the 1920s it was discovered that extracts of muscle catalyze, in the absence of air, the formation of lactate from glucose and that the same intermediate compounds formed in the fermentation of grain are produced by muscle. An important generalization thus emerged: that fermentation reactions are not peculiar to the action of yeast but al...
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Works Cited
“Fermentation,” Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000.
http://encarta.msn.com 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation.
“Fermentation,” Encyclopedia Britannica Online Edition.
http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article=fermentation/9 2000.
Jonson, Lee W., Ph.D. Brew Chem 101 – The Basics of Homebrewing
Chemistry. Storey Publishing: Pownal, Vermont. 1996.
Morison, Bruce. Fermenting and Aging the Cider – Bruce Morison’s Cider Guide.
http://www.bg-mor.demon.co.uk/cider/cidferm.htm
Orton, Vrest. The American Cider Book. Farrar, Straus, and Grioux: New York.
1973.
Pfizer, P. The Pasteur Fermentation Centennial 1857-1957. Chas. Pfizer & Co.,
Inc.: New York. 1958.
Rose, A.H. Economic Microbiology – Fermented Foods. Volume 7. New York:
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Watson, Ben. Cider – Hard and Sweet. The Countrymen Press: Vermont.
1999.
A nobel prize winning, architect of the atomic bomb, and well-known theoretical physicist, Professor Richard P. Feynman, at the 1955 autumn meeting of the National Academy of science, addresses the importance of science and its impact on society. Feynman contends, although some people may think that scientists don't take social problems into their consideration, every now and then they think about them. However he concedes that, because social problems are more difficult than the scientific ones, scientist don’t spend too much time resolving them (1). Furthermore he states that scientist must be held responsible for the decisions they make today to protect the future generation; also they have to do their best, to learn as much as possible,
An enzyme is a protein that is produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. Enzymes have an area with a specific shape, called the active site of the enzyme. The molecule on which the enzyme acts is called a substrate. After the reaction has taken place and the products of the reaction leave the active site, leaving the enzyme ready for another reaction . The active site of an enzyme has such a particular shape that only one kind of molecule will fit it. This is why enzymes are specific to their substrate. The digestive enzymes break down food into small particles that get absorbed by the digestive system. These are the compounds that are used for fuel, repair and growth.
The purpose of this investigation is to test the effects of multiple sugar substances on the respiration of yeast. Most people think of yeast when they think of what makes bread rise, cheese, alcoholic beverages, or other food products. Another type of yeast can also cause yeast infections, an infection of the skin. Yeasts (Saccharomyces) are tiny, microscopic organisms with a thin membrane and are usually oval or circular-shaped. They are a type of single-celled fungi of the class Ascomycetes, capable of processing sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ; this process is known as fermentation. Fermentation and the products are the main focus points for this experiment being that cellular respiration of yeasts happens via the process of fermentation, which creates by-products of alcohol and CO2. The level of CO2 produced by the yeasts will show how effective each sugar substance is in providing cellular energy for the yeasts.
...id, acetic acid, formic acid, H₂ and CO₂ as fermentation products which increases ecological, industrial and basic bioenergetics interests in this particularly thermophilic bacterial specie.
In this lab, yeast undergoes alcoholic fermentation with nine different sugars—glucose, sucrose, truvia, lactose, saccharin, starch, maltose, fructose, and sucralose. The fermentation rates were determined by observing the rate at which carbon dioxide is produced in the flask; since the gas can not be seen in this case, the water displacement within a pipet that is connected to the flask, would illustrate the production of CO2 gas. According to our data, sucrose fermented the fastest and sugars like lactose, truvia, and starch did not ferment in the seven to nine minute time frame. These results support the idea that yeast ferments at different rates with broader implications for how the human digestive system works.
To study the effect of substrate concentration on the activity of the enzyme catalase, which is found in living tissues and cells. In this experiment we will obtain catalase from yeast cells. The substrate will be hydrogen peroxide (H202), which vary concentrations from 1-10%. We will measure the rate of reaction by the volume of oxygen (02) released into the water.
Every living thing uses cellular respirations, except plants. Fermentation is when bacteria or other microorganisms chemically breakdown a substance while giving off heat. Fermentation is used by making many food products, an drink products such as beer, and also fuel. Fermentation and Cellular Respiration are alike in many ways such as organisms make energy by breaking down glucose into energy. They are different because Fermentation makes ATP, while chemical respiration using nutrients to create energy and turns it into adenosine triphosphate. (Carter J.S. 2011)
Throughout history, humans have found countless new ways to ferment the resources available to them. The benefits of this process can be encountered all around us in the world. Many don’t know the coffee they drink in the morning and the yogurt they bought from the grocery store experienced fermentation of some sort. Fermentation is the partial degradation of sugars without the use of oxygen, causing it to be called anaerobic respiration. The fermentation of yogurt proves to be a process I deeply admire, as I love the taste it produces. Being a dairy product, yogurt comes from the fermentation of bacteria known as “yogurt cultures.” There are two types of yogurt that come from this process. There is the set type of yogurt that contains fruit at the bottom of the mixture and the swiss type that has fruit blended into it. Regardless of the type, yogurt always contains a delicious taste that is driven by lactic acid fermentation.
Although lactic acid fermentation has its own process, for this type of fermentation to ever start glycolysis has to take place. Glycolysis is where glucose is oxidized to produce pyruvic acid. This process has a general summary of about four steps. The first step would be, two phosphate groups attach to a molecule of glucose, which forms a six-carbon compound that now has two phosphate groups. These phosphate groups are supplied by two ATP molecules, which are then converted back into ADP. The second step consists of the six-carbon compound being split into two three-carbon molecules called G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate). In the third step those two G3P molecules are oxidized, and receive a phosphate group. This creates a new-three carbon compound. Also in this third step there is a reduction to two molecules of NAD+ to NADH. The fourth step is the final step. In the fourth step the phosphate groups added in step 1 and 3 are removed from the three-carbon compounds
Because living organisms are similar in their processes, they are all expected to uptake energy from their environments in order to perform biological work. Examples of such processes include cellular respiration and fermentation.In the experiment we performed, yeast served as an organism that in the presence of glucose,conducted fermentation to make chemical energy,in the process producing alcohol and carbon dioxide as products. The experiment that was conducted by the Biology class focused on the usage of a respirometer to measure the amount of CO2 produced by the fermentation of yeast in presence of glucose. The experiment proved to be concise and practiced a logical approach to showing how the sugars led to the yeast fermenting and producing CO2 levels in accord to the amount of yeast used.(Symbiosis,2016)
In alcoholic fermentation, the first process is when yeast changes natural sugars to alcohol, this is alcoholic fermentation. The second process is when a group of bacteria, called “acetobacter”, changes
Emergence of a multitude of health promoting fermented milks and other pro-biotic fermented foods has largely advocated the case, due to the health promoting works of certain beneficial microorganisms that are abundantly present in the food. The health-beneficial effect of consuming food with pro-biotic bacteria is a factor contributing to the development of research on the new segment of functional food. Different types of raw ripened sausage and cured meat products are traditionally produced with the use of a fermentation process, that is, a guided decomposition process involving the meats own enzymes and enzymes of microbiological origin (Stanton et al., 2005; Leroy et al., 2006). Pro-biotic bacteria strains are successfully used in the products of processed milk products and vegetable and fruit juices; however, their use in dry fermented products is not common yet. Reports on technological aspects of microorganisms in functional foods concentrate almost exclusively on the growth or viability of related microorganisms and on the fermentation performance of microorganisms for specific food materials. After drying, fermentation is the oldest food preservation methods. Fermentation became popular with the dawn of civilization because it not only preserved the food but also increases nutrition value, bio availability, taste and functional properties of the food. Because of these
Life as we know it today would not be where it is if people did not stumble upon fermentation. Ancient civilians did not have the knowledge that current people today have however, at points in history people came across a few different foods and beverages to fermentate. Discovery of fermentation lead groups of people to settle in one area and start to build a steady civilization The general process of fermentation is almost the same for each item. Beer, bread, and cheese are just a few examples of products recorded. Storage of these products are different because, they can either be a solid or a liquid. After beer, bread, and cheese were fermented, steady civilizations erupted and the economy increased. Without fermentation civilizations would
Alcohol is a class of organic compounds that is characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. Alcohol was unknowingly produced centuries ago when fermentation occurred to crushed grapes (Pines, 1931). In today’s society alcohol is produced for the use of household products such as varnishes, cleaning products, but is more commercially important in the liquor business. A chemical process called fermentation accomplishes the production of ethanol, the alcohol or liquor. From there, the ethanol goes through distinct processes to become the dark and clear liquors on the store shelves.
Food industries is a global business that supply most of the food consumed by the world population. The fermentation process already been used in food industries for a long time ago. The main ingredient in fermentation is microorganisms. Yeast, mould and bacteria are used in mankind to make the producing of food like bread, beer, wine, vinegar, yogurt and cheese. Mankind are also used in fermented fish, meat and vegetables.