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Native Americans under colonization
Native Americans under colonization
Native american views versus european views
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False Representation of Native Americans While researching the early relations between the American Indians, and the first European settlers, Jane Tompkins found that the way history was recorded seemed to mislead her. In her essay " ' Indians': Textualism, Morality, and the problem of History," Tompkins found that the historians put prejudice facts, and looked down upon Native Americans. Clearly it is seen that even through time, historians are still this way. This dilemma must be illuminated to find out who and why this has happened. Some of the historical cases that Tompkins read were of the time of the exploration. When first coming to America, the Europeans knew only the life that they lived, so when they saw what the Native Americans were doing, they were perplexed. Seeing what they did, puritans automatically came to the assumption that they were barbaric savages. Some of the earliest accounts often change views and could confuse people. One source says that they were loving people, the others tell of how they treated each other and captives. William Wood, a writer in London, wrote, "…they are loving people, but also win the love of those that never saw them, and wipe off that needless fear that is too deeply rooted in the conceits…"(272). On a contrary to this Alexander Whitaker, a minister, wrote "these naked slaves…serve the divell for feare, after a most base manner, sacrificing sometimes…their own children" (573). In this situation it is hard to tell what the American Indians were really like. Either they were too different tribes, or they felt like manipulating the prosperous settlers. Little did they realize that people would look back to this information hundreds of years later Early writers, giving the perception of Native Americans as they did, "rectified" the more resent and not so recent historians. Historians of this era, such as Perry Miller, tend to view the American Indians the same way that the first discoverers did. He writes of how the United States was "vacant" when first explored. Perhaps he is missing the key element of the Native Americans. This view, or not one at all, of not associating American Indians as people has been passed down from generation to generation. When Tompkins was a child she remembered going to the park to see the Native Americans being shown off as if they were caged animals in a zoo, although she always thought that going to see them was a "disappointment.
It seems that in the 21st century and even during the colonizing of America, the interpretation of Native Americans is and had been that they were savages and live a barbaric lifestyle. That they had no order or way of life. When presented with the topic of Native Americans and Colonists in the New World, it is easy to assume warfare and bloodshed amongst the two parties. That the Colonists were constantly in mini battles with the Native Americans. It is also easy to assume that the land in the New World was unsettling to the eyes. This is due to records from the colonist times, calling the lands “wild” or “wildlands”. In Robbie Ethridge’s book Creek Country, she tries to debunk these interpretations mentioned above. She does so by using an
Turner pointed out several key areas in his thesis that he indicated were absolutes do to the frontier. The first of these was “composite nationality” , which by definition according to Turner’s understanding was, “he (Turner) saw the Native American as a line of savagery…Assimilation could not, according to logic, cope with the presence of the Native American whose customs, were too alien, too different, to become merged into the American self. This implies that the Native American had no other choice than to give in to the demands of the American government or face the consequences if the failed to comply. Hine and Faragher show that the Native American Indian was forced from their homes more than once during the early part of the 19th century because of “manifest destiny”. Those in the United States government who enforced these rules demanded that the country be turned over to the Americans without question because of their supposed superiority over them. David Nichols points out in his article. Civilization Over Savage: Frederick Jackson Turner and The Indian, that Turner’s reference’s the Indians as “public domain” and the disposition of that them by the first frontier. The conclusions that the Native American Indians were nothing more than public domain that needed to be done away with makes me question his bias towards the American Indians as
In Thomas King’s novel, The Inconvenient Indian, the story of North America’s history is discussed from his original viewpoint and perspective. In his first chapter, “Forgetting Columbus,” he voices his opinion about how he feel towards the way white people have told America’s history and portraying it as an adventurous tale of triumph, strength and freedom. King hunts down the evidence needed to reveal more facts on the controversial relationship between the whites and natives and how it has affected the culture of Americans. Mainly untangling the confusion between the idea of Native Americans being savages and whites constantly reigning in glory. He exposes the truth about how Native Americans were treated and how their actual stories were
Native American’s place in United States history is not as simple as the story of innocent peace loving people forced off their lands by racist white Americans in a never-ending quest to quench their thirst for more land. Accordingly, attempts to simplify the indigenous experience to nothing more than victims of white aggression during the colonial period, and beyond, does an injustice to Native American history. As a result, historians hoping to shed light on the true history of native people during this period have brought new perceptive to the role Indians played in their own history. Consequently, the theme of power and whom controlled it over the course of Native American/European contact is being presented in new ways. Examining the evolving
Thomas Morton wrote about the Native Americans and their way of life while the colonist slowly populated the Americas. Native American’s living styles, religious views, and the relations the Indians had with the colonist are a few of the things that came across when you heard about the Indians during the time the colonist inhabited the Americas.
The article, “Native Reactions to the invasion of America”, is written by a well-known historian, James Axtell to inform the readers about the tragedy that took place in the Native American history. All through the article, Axtell summarizes the life of the Native Americans after Columbus acquainted America to the world. Axtell launches his essay by pointing out how Christopher Columbus’s image changed in the eyes of the public over the past century. In 1892, Columbus’s work and admirations overshadowed the tears and sorrows of the Native Americans. However, in 1992, Columbus’s undeserved limelight shifted to the Native Americans when the society rediscovered the history’s unheard voices and became much more evident about the horrific tragedy of the Natives Indians.
In a lively account filled that is with personal accounts and the voices of people that were in the past left out of the historical armament, Ronald Takaki proffers us a new perspective of America’s envisioned past. Mr. Takaki confronts and disputes the Anglo-centric historical point of view. This dispute and confrontation is started in the within the seventeenth-century arrival of the colonists from England as witnessed by the Powhatan Indians of Virginia and the Wamapanoag Indians from the Massachusetts area. From there, Mr. Takaki turns our attention to several different cultures and how they had been affected by North America. The English colonists had brought the African people with force to the Atlantic coasts of America. The Irish women that sought to facilitate their need to work in factory settings and maids for our towns. The Chinese who migrated with ideas of a golden mountain and the Japanese who came and labored in the cane fields of Hawaii and on the farms of California. The Jewish people that fled from shtetls of Russia and created new urban communities here. The Latinos who crossed the border had come in search of the mythic and fabulous life El Norte.
The stress of this caused their once coveted friendship to wither and morph into an ill hatred. The English began a campaign of the demonization of Native Americans. The image of Native Americans was described in Red, White, & Black as friendly traders who shared a mutually beneficial relationship with one another. Evidently, a very different image started to appear when land disputes arose. The new illustration the English painted was that Native American people were “comparable to beasts” and “wild and savage people, that live like heards of deare in a forrest”. It was sudden change of heart between the two societies that supports Waterhouse’s claims of the changing relationship of the English and Native
Talking Back to Civilization , edited by Frederick E. Hoxie, is a compilation of excerpts from speeches, articles, and texts written by various American Indian authors and scholars from the 1890s to the 1920s. As a whole, the pieces provide a rough testimony of the American Indian during a period when conflict over land and resources, cultural stereotypes, and national policies caused tensions between Native American Indians and Euro-American reformers. This paper will attempt to sum up the plight of the American Indian during this period in American history.
Jane Tompkins, in the “Indians: Textualism, Morality, and the problem of History” evaluates the responses from another period about what occurred between Europeans and Indians in the 17th century. Understanding what occurred and how did it occur are difficult to get while many different versions are. During the manner of collecting solid information, she confirms that although the fact could see in many other ways, the content of fact remains the same. As an individual, reading Tompkins’ provided examples of bias give me an insight into the power of social ethos that rules our real opinions and beliefs. As a student, reading Tompkins’ method of comparing and contrasting another response teach me that learning the facts without evaluating other perspectives can never give one a full description of the event. I believe we all have a tendency to build our opinions based
Native Americans have been living on American soil for quite a while now. They were here before the European colonists. They have been here and still continue to be present in the United States. However, the way the media represents Native Americans disallows the truth about Native Americans to be told. Only misinterpretations of Native Americans seem to prosper in the media. It appears the caricature of Native Americans remains the same as first seen from the first settler’s eyes: savage-like people. Their culture and identity has become marginalized by popular culture. This is most evident in mainstream media. There exists a dearth of Native American presence in the mainstream media. There is a lack of Native American characters in different media mediums. When they are represented, they are misrepresented. They are easily one of the most underrepresented cultures and people in American media. Native Americans shouldn’t be confined to a stereotype, should have a greater presence in the media, and shouldn’t be misrepresented when they are presented.
Two-hundred years ago, there was a scientific study on the brains of Native Americans called the craniology and phrenology. The Europeans examined only indigenous people’s heads and were forbidden to use any European’s brains. The Europeans did three experiments, such as decapitating the tops of the heads and filling them with sand to see if their brains were smaller than blacks. The Europeans also looked at the bones and said that if the bones were in a certain way (such as natives cheek bones being up higher) the person was thought to be stupid. The last experiment the Europeans did to American Indians was that they had a small devise that they would put on the head and it would slice the brain open. There would be an award for retrieving a male’s brain that was five cents. By retrieving a woman’s brain the price would be three cents, and lastly a child’s brain which would be two cents. This is when the term redskin was invented (Poupart, 2014).
Many races are unjustly victimized, but Native American cultures are more misunderstood and degraded than any other race. College and high school mascots sometimes depict images of Native Americans and have names loosely based on Native American descent, but these are often not based on actual Native American history, so instead of honoring Native Americans, they are being ridiculed. According to the article Warriors Survive Attack, by Cathy Murillo (2009) some “members of the Carpentaria community defended Native American mascot icons as honoring Chumash tradition and the spirit of American Indian Warriors in U.S. history and others claimed that the images were racist stereotypes” (Murillo, 2009). If people do not attempt to understand and respect Native American culture, then Native American stereotypes will become irreparable, discrimination will remain unresolved, and ethnocentrism will not be reprimanded.
In Jane Tompkins essay, “Indians”: Textualism, Morality, and the Problem of History” she describes the issues on how history can be flawed by being told from the observer’s point view. She also goes out to question the validity of history in certain historical books. All through the essay, Tompkins’ central message is to let the historical writers know that morality should be the crux of their decision making if they want the truth. It is crucial to know that when learning history you are subject to that person’s narrow point of view. In her essay "'Indians': Textualism, Morality, and the Problem of History", Jane Tompkins discusses the problems she encountered while doing historical research about Indians. Not too fond of the plethora of biased accounts, Tompkins initially concluded that because the perspective of historians were muddied by their cultural background, it was essentially impossible to recreate a valid explanation of what truly occurred between
Since these were his direct experiences written in a personal journal, I feel like there is no room for intended bias. It is not like he was writing a persuasive essay to try to convince people to believe something about his interactions with the Native Americans. He was simply using his journal to document “early relationships between settlers and Native Americans” (Pomeranz, 83). He is capable of conveying the truth free of these biases and ethnocentricity. Ethnocentricity is when one believes that their own cultural or ethnic group is more superior than another. Never once does he add a derogatory or degrading comment about the Native Americans. In fact, he even calls one of the Native Americas, Squanto, “a special instrument sent of God for their good beyond their expectation” (Pomeranz, 84). This part of the account brought to light a pivotal encounter for the settlers and native