Review of Literature
Review of Literature
I. Introduction-Eye Color Genetics
Have you ever wondered how exactly you got your eye color? It starts with eye color genetics. Eye color genetics are the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) make-up behind your eye color. Your eye color has a huge effect on how you perceive the world. Without eye color, you wouldn’t be able to decipher colors. Eye color genetics are important to the very culmination of your being.
Your eye color’s DNA consists of four main pigments. The two most commonly known are melanin and chromosome 15. Melanin is a dark brown or black pigment occurring in the iris of the eye. Chromosome 15, on the other hand, is one of the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes. It spans about 101 million base pairs,
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OCA2 is a melanocyte-specific transporter protein that is associated with melanin and producing cells. HERC2 encodes a group of unusually large proteins, which contain multiple structural domains. HERC2 is most commonly linked to blue- eyed individuals while OCA2 is found in every eye color, as it is strongly linked to the importance of eye color.
In comparison to pigments are genotypes and phenotypes. Both genotypes and phenotypes relate closely with eye color. The only difference being that one deals with common eye colors and the other with uncommon. An example of a genotype would be the color brown. Over fifty-five percent of the world’s population has brown eyes. Brown eyes are also one of the most dominant genetic traits.
Unlike brown, green is a phenotype color. Only a little over two percent of the world's population has green colored eyes. This makes green a common recessive genetic trait. Even though green and brown differ in the populace around the world, they still have the same potential in becoming a child’s eye color. But this will all depend on the parents and their genetic
This variation has no substantial ties to skin color, but does show genetic variation from different geographical locations in the world. These variations are not categorized in groups of what people call race, but rather ethnicity. Ethnicity, defined by Stephen Cornell, is a sense of common ancestry based on cultural attachments, past linguistic heritage, religious affiliations, claimed kinship, or some physical traits. Race, as most people catoragize it, encompuses many ethnicitys. Ethnicities are local populations, this makes sense that they would tend to have less genetic variation compared to each other then the rest of the world as they would share genetic adaptations resulting from the environment they live in. This can include skin color, but can also
The white (w) eye color gene is located on the X chromosome at 1.5 genetic map units (1). The mutation is also recessive, meaning that each fly has different copies of the gene if they are either male or female (2). In wild-type Drosophila, the brick red color is visible due to the combination of two pigments, brown and scarlet. The synthesis of drosopterin for bright red pigments is controlled by the (bw+) gene and the synthesis of ommochromes for brown pigments is controlled by the (st+) gene (7). Therefore, there are two pigment synthesis pathways that must be working in order for the flies to express the brick red eye color. In addition, transport proteins are responsible for transporting both pigments into the eye in order to express the color (8). Thus, both the pathways responsible for the synthesis of brown and red pigments must work properly as well as the genes that encode for transport proteins. Despite having white eyes, Drosophila flies with this mutation still experience normal eyesight
The capital B stated the dominate allele which is brown bodies, and the lower case b states black does which is the recessive allele. The capital E stands for red eyes,
Racism is a intricate, multidimensional construct that can be private and public, as well as institutional and personal. In other words, racism does not only consist of blatant racial insolence; subtle systemic racism is also alive and well. However, Americans are fixed on the notion that bigotry hasn’t been an issue since the 20th century mass lynchings. The United States’ distorted view of racism maintains the idea the country’s racial issues are behind us. In his article, “Between Colorblind and Colorconscious: Contemporary Hollywood Films and Struggles Over Racial Representation,” Jason Smith demonstrates the ways in which color blindness ineffectively addresses racial injustices within society. Although the logic behind this theory works towards a noble goal, color blind theory proposes that
According to Darwin and his theory on evolution, organisms are presented with nature’s challenge of environmental change. Those that possess the characteristics of adapting to such challenges are successful in leaving their genes behind and ensuring that their lineage will continue. It is natural selection, where nature can perform tiny to mass sporadic experiments on its organisms, and the results can be interesting from extinction to significant changes within a species.
An inspection of the modern animal phyla will reveal that eyes are just as diverse as they are complex. Some organisms like the rag worm have pigmented cup eyes while other like he box jellyfish have two lens eyes and two pairs of pigment pit eyes. To account for the diversity in eye structure, we must first examine the eye ‘prototype’, the original structure that was acted upon by evolution. The simplest organ that can be considered an eye is composed of a single photoreceptor cell and a single pigment cell, without any lens or other refractive body (Arendt, 2003). Such organs are know as eyespots, and...
Albinism is a genetic condition present at birth, characterized by a small amount of melanin pigment in the skin, hair and eye. Albinism is an occasional inborn sickness related with vision difficult, which affect one in seventeen thousand persons. It is not a contagious disease and cannot be spread over contact. Albinism affects individuals from all races. Most folks with albinism have parents with a normal color of skin. Some may not even recognize that they are Albino until later on in their life. This paper will be based on the study of albinism, causes, types, the genetic transmission and some possible medical problem.
Human pigmentation is influenced by hemoglobins within blood vessels in the skin, carotene and melanins. Melanin, the basis of pigmentation, can be found in the forms of eumelanin and phaeomelanin. Eumelanin is the brown-black pigment located in the skin, hair, and eyes. Phaeomelanin is a yellow to reddish-brown pigment found in small quantities within the skin, eyes, and red hair. Because of these two pigments, to a greater or lesser degree, we have the variation in human pigmentation that is seen today.
According to biological traits, racial categories are considered to be visible genetic traits which are face structures, shape of the body, and skin color. However, certain differences and
In Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye, the character Claudia struggles with a beauty standard that harms her sense of self-esteem. Claudia tries to make sense of why the beauty standard does not include black girls. The beauty standard determines that blonde-haired blue-eyed white girls are the image of beauty and therefore they are worthy of not only attention, but are considered valuable to American culture of the 1940s. Thus, learning she has no value or beauty as a black girl, Claudia destroys her white doll in an attempt to understand why white girls are beautiful and subsequently worthy, socially superior members of society. In destroying the doll, Claudia attempts to destroy the beauty standard that works to make her feel socially inferior and ugly because of her skin color. Consequently, Claudia's destruction of the doll works to show how the beauty standard was created to keep black females from feeling valuable by producing a sense of self-hate in black females. The racial loathing created within black women keeps them as passive objects and, ultimately, leads black women, specifically Pecola, to destroy themselves because they cannot attain the blue eyes of the white beauty standard.
... color. It is impossible to reach agreement on the number of genes and precisely which one are the most important for defining races. The biological definition of race is that it does not mean that any one race has exclusively possession of any particular variant of any gene or genes. Each race has different genes because they are open, meaning that genes flow between them. A population can’t exist if it has a fixed gene which is why there are rules for certain societies when choosing their mate.
middle of paper ... ... avour of "purity of the race" idea, but they understand how it worked. Blond hair and blue eyes are recessive genes. Two brown-eyed people can give birth to a blue-eyed child, but two blue-eyed people cannot give birth to a brown-eyed child. Dark skin and dark hair are also dominant genes, so because of evolution, it must mean that the ancestors of humanity had dominant genes.
Albinism is a very serious disease that could end up in death. Albinism is a recessive inherited defect in melanin, which is metabolism in which pigment is absent from skin, hair, and eyes. Albinism in hair, skin, and eyes is called oculocutaneous albinism. Humans that have oculocotaneous albinism are not able to produce melanin. These people have white, yellow, or yellow brown hair, very light ( usually blue ) eyes, and very pale skin. Their eyes may appear pink because they have very little pigment.
In “The Bluest Eye” by Toni Morrison, the audience is shown the skewed idea of beauty and how whiteness in the 1940s was the standard of beauty. This idea of beauty is still prevalent today which is why the novel is powerful and relevant. Narrated by a nine year old girl, this novel illustrates that this standard of beauty distorts the lives of black people, more specifically, black women and children. Not only was it a time when being white was considered being superior, being a black woman was even worse because even women weren’t appreciated and treated as equal back then. Set in Lorain, Ohio, this novel has a plethora of elements that parallels Toni Morrison’s personal life. The population in Lorain back then was considered to be ethnically asymmetrical, where segregation was still legal but the community was mostly integrated. Black and white children could attend the same schools and neighborhoods by then would be inhabited by a mix of black and white families. The theme of race and beauty is portrayed through the lives of three different families and stories told by the characters: Claudia, Pecola, and Frieda. Through the exploration of the families’ and character’s struggles, Morrison demonstrates the horrid nature of racism as well as the caustic temperament of the suppressed idea of white beauty on the individual, and on the society.
Colorism has became a huge issue in today’s society. Colorism is an issue because, it is a form of racism, it reflects back on the days of slavery, it is overall rude, and jail terms are affected.