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Literature review of advertising effectiveness
Literature review of advertising effectiveness
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In order to gather participants for the study, I will offer $15 for completing the estimated 1 hour experiment. I will advertise the study in the local newspaper, through emails and phone calls, on college campuses, and in general public areas such as restaurants and shopping malls. Ideally I will be able to get at least 150 participants of all races, ages, party affiliation, occupations, etc. This will help to strengthen the experiments external validity and generalizability. The participants will be randomly assigned to one of the 2 treatment conditions: they will either watch “America” or “We Can Be.” The ads will be included in a commercial break about half way through a 30 minute recording of the news. Just as Shanto Iyengar and Donald …show more content…
All of the experiments will be conducted in the exact same way to hold things as constant as possible. In chapter 2 of News That Matters, Iyengar and Kinder describe several ways in which external validity can be strengthened and weakened. As they describe, there is the chance that the results of my experiment would disappear in another experiment if the conditions or questions I asked were altered (13). My study is only measuring the effects of two Sanders ads on participants, but it is possible that the results would not hold for the ads of other election campaigns or candidates. This was a strength of the experiments run by Ansolabehere, who replicated his experiment with other issues, campaigns, and primary and general elections (22). To strengthen my results to this study, I would need to repeat my experiment in the same way Ansolabehere did. Another potential weakness of my experiment that Iyengar and Kinder describe is the risk that participants alter their normal behavior or become more attentive simply because they know they are taking part in a study. I attempted to reduce this through creating a more natural living room environment for the experiment and attempting to mask the study’s true motive, but there is always the possibility that these precautions will not prevent the altered
The Asch and Milgram’s experiment were not unethical in their methods of not informing the participant of the details surrounding the experiment and the unwarranted stress; their experiment portrayed the circumstances of real life situation surrounding the issues of obedience to authority and social influence. In life, we are not given the courtesy of knowledge when we are being manipulated or influenced to act or think a certain way, let us be honest here because if we did know people were watching and judging us most of us would do exactly as society sees moral, while that may sound good in ensuring that we always do the right thing that would not be true to the ways of our reality. Therefore, by not telling the participants the detail of the experiment and inflicting unwarranted stress Asch and Milgram’s were
Milgram's study of obedience is a classic example of a study that lacked in experimental validity and also in mundane realism. Milgram's study consisted of a confederate having to answer questions, which if they got wrong they would fake being given an electric shock by the machine they were attached to. The participant's role was to give these electric shocks to the confederate every time a question was answered wrong, and also the voltage would be turned up with every answer wrong. Along with this Milgram took part as a confederate who would encourage the participant to give the shocks by saying things such as, "This has to be done."
Liasson, Mara. "Do Political Ads Actually Work?" National Public Radio. NPR, 26 Oct. 2012. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.
Kate Chopin utilizes irony in “Desiree’s Baby” to warn people of the dangers of racism and how it can victimize not only the hated race, but also the one who is racist. “Desiree’s Baby” is a tale about a young slave owner, Armand, with a well-respected name in Louisiana. He marries an adopted woman named Desiree and once they have their child, he notices that the baby has black features. He assumes that since he does not know his wife’s racial background that his wife must have some sort of black heritage, but it is his “inferences [that] lead to tragedy." Armand did not want his wife to be around because of her assumed race, so she took the baby and left. Months later when Armand is burning Desiree and the baby’s possessions, he finds a letter written by his mother stating, “But, above all…night and day, I thank the good God for having so arranged our lives that our dear Armand will never know that his mother, who adores him, belongs to the race that is cursed with the brand of slavery.” Chopin’s irony was embedded in the fact that Armand hated who he is without knowing it. He assumed that his wife was the one with the black genes and that she needed to leave. Armand lost everything he had and loved because of the hate he held in his heart. The author proved through her use of irony that Caucasian and black people are the same. Besides physical features, it is impossible to tell from which race one has descended.
Henderson, Jennifer Jacobs; Baldasty, Gerald J. 2003 “Race, advertising, and prime-time television” Howard Journal of Communications 2(14): 97-112.
Going into details of the article, I realized that the necessary information needed to evaluate the experimental procedures were not included. However, when conducting an experiment, the independent and dependent variable are to be studied before giving a final conclusion.
According to the New York Times, many multi-modal texts expose the average person to at least five thousand advertisements a day (Story). In today’s world, ads are everywhere—on television, in magazines, and even inside cereal boxes. Ad Council, a non-profit organization, joins with various sponsors to produce and promote unique collaborations of public service announcements. The organization has found ways to stimulate action against many problems in the world that concerns Americans (e.g., texting and driving, dating violence, and child hunger). Accordingly, Ad Council has cooperated with Feeding America, a nationwide network that ventures to advocate food insecurities in America. Together, the organizations have recently released a new campaign—“summer
Campaign." Pamela Rutledge Media Psychology Blog. N.p., 25 Jan. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. .
...s strength in the experiment rather than a limitation which future studies should also monitor.
I think that if we were able to keep doing these experiments, we would have much more information and knowledge about psychology and sociology. If we truly do want to know more about these subjects, then we need to realize that we have to do these types of experiments and accept the risks and just do these types of experiments.
For over 60 years, presidential campaigns have used television ads to communicate ideas and campaign plans to the American people. With hopes of influencing people to vote, politicians have used various tactics and strategies to persuade. After observing television campaign ads throughout the years, a few themes are observed.
Within the target site of the experiment, researchers wanted to answer their hypothesis; hypothesis was that increased police
O’Sullivan, Geremiah. “The Social and Cultural Effects of Advertising.” N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014.
The first method to be discussed and analysed are experimental methods. There is a variety of experimental methods including; laboratory, field and natural experiments. These methods are the most scientific method due to them being highly objective and systematic. In addition, this method is regarded as the most powerful research method used in psychology because of the potential to investigate the causes of events and therefore, identifying the cause and effect relationship. When carrying out an experiment the researcher intervenes directly in the situation being investigated. The researcher manipulates an independent variable (IV) in order to investigate whether there is a change in the dependent variable (DV). Any other variables that could have an
"Introduction to Mass Communication." EFFECTS OF RADIO ON SOCIETY*Introduction to Mass Communication| Lessons Free Online Read Lessons. Zainbooks, n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2013. .