The Effects of Dietary Acid Load on Exercise Metabolism and Anaerobic Exercise Performance, outlines experimentation designed to determine how systemic pH affects exercise metabolism and anaerobic exercise performance. Since systemic pH can be varied through diet, determining how exercise metabolism as well as anaerobic exercise performance changes in response to systemic pH can help athletes make more educated decisions on dietary consumption before competitions. Caciano, Inman, Gockel-Blessing, and Weiss sought to measure these affects by conducting a cross-over trial, using randomized and counterbalanced intervention of participants’ diet. A low-potential renal acid load (PRAL) diet is alkaline promoting, and includes foods such as fruits …show more content…
and vegetables. Participants were asked to consume low-PRAL foods in adequate amounts to ensure an energy equilibrium without consuming high-PRAL foods. High-PRAL foods are acid promoting and include grains, meats, and cheese. Exercise testing was conducted for each participant in both phases of the diet to test the short-term affects of changes in systemic pH on exercise metabolism and performance. It was hypothesized that a low-PRAL diet would cause an increase in carbohydrate metabolism during maximal exercise. In addition, it was predicted that a low-PRAL diet would improve anaerobic exercise performance. The effects of dietary PRAL on respiratory exchange ratio during submaximal exercise was an exploratory aim researched in addition to the main purpose of the experiment. 10 participants were chosen on the basis of good health, varying from ages 19-60, male and female, trained and untrained.
They were randomly assigned an order in which to vary their diet. Five participants ate a low-PRAL diet followed by a high-PRAL diet, and the other five ate a high-PRAL diet followed by a low-PRAL diet. Diets were tracked by participants and evaluated by dietitians. Each phase of the diet lasted 4-9 days, until the ideal urinary pH was achieved (≥7.0 for low-PRAL; ≤6.0 for high-PRAL). Urinary pH was tested with pH strips by participants and again by researchers to confirm. To test exercise metabolism, participants performed a graded treadmill exercise test (GXT) to exhaustion. The participants started with a warm-up, from which a speed was determined to increase their heart rate to about 70% of their age-predicted maximal heart rate at an incline of 0%. Every 2 minutes, the incline was increased by 2% until the participant felt fatigued. During this test, the reparatory exchange ratio (RER) was determined by finding the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations and tracking the change throughout the GXT. A RER of 0.7 indicates fat as the primary fuel source with 1.0 indicating carbohydrates as the primary fuel source. A number in between indicates a combination of the two fueling the body during exercise. When exploring the effects of systemic pH on submaximal exercise metabolism, data was collected during the test until exhaustion. To test the affect of …show more content…
systemic pH on anaerobic exercise performance, participants completed anaerobic testing 10 minutes after the GXT. In this test, time to exhaustion was determined while participants ran at the same speed determined from the GXT with a 2% incline increase on the treadmill. Each exercise test was completed twice by each participant. Results showed that RER increased in high-PRAL diets for maximal exercise with similar tendencies is submaximal exercise. In addition, it was found that time to exhaustion was about 21% greater in low-PRAL diets than high-PRAL diets. About a 10 unit deduction in dietary PRAL lead to about a 6 second increase in time to exhaustion. There was no correlation with age in either of the tests. From this data, researchers concluded that high-PRAL diets induce greater carbohydrate metabolism in maximal exercise. This implies that acid promoting diets yield a higher carbohydrate oxidation during exercise than alkaline promoting diets. This finding contradicts previous experimentation and the hypothesis, in which a low-PRAL diet was expected to raise RER. In conjunction with the hypothesis, an alkaline promoting diet increased endurance in anaerobic exercise significantly more than an acid promoting diet. This has implications for athletes who are seeking to modify their diet to increase performance during competitions. A low-PRAL diet is a good alternative to bicarbonate loading for athletes seeking to improve anaerobic exercise endurance. This experiment was designed to confirm previous findings, while adding to this foundational knowledge.
A randomized, counterbalanced intervention approach increased validity of the data compared to the previous observational study. However, there were only 10 participants who were studied over a short period of time. Increasing the number of participants would be a valid approach to either confirm or negate the most recent findings. In addition, a short-time period is not ideal when studying the body of adults who have had steady eating habits for at least 10 years. Extending the time period over which participants alter their diets would allow more time for adjustments to be made within the body. While the data was determined to be significant, it is hard to tell if one would have similar findings if done over a longer period of time, or if the body would continue to change. Furthermore, testing was not inclusive of the causation of the results; while there are implications of causation seen by the correlation of the studied factors, it is possible that other factors were involved and influenced results. By altering the systemic pH, it is possible that the enzymes responsible for the breakdown of the macronutrients were not able to function at their optimal level. By changing the diet, and therefore the systemic pH, enzymes may not have been able to break down nutrients as efficiently, therefore causing a difference in RER during exercise. However, further research is
necessary to confirm the true cause of the change in exercise metabolism. In addition, many of the factors within the testing were left up to the participants’ judgement. This includes both dietary choices and point of perceived fatigue. Diet is subjective to preference and perceived fatigue means something different to each individual. Measuring these values quantitatively, rather than qualitatively, would only increase the validity of the results.
Submaximal and maximal exercise testing are two analytic methods that can be used to examine the cardiovascular, and cardiorespiratory fitness/health levels of the individual being examined. Submaximal testing is usually preferred over maximal mainly because the submaximal exam is more practical in a fitness/health environment. Both test require the individual being examined to perform controlled exercise on a(n) treadmill/ergometer until either steady state has consecutively been reached (submax), or the individual reaches their max (close to it). Being that both test are set to exceed time limits of more than 3 minutes we examine the use of the ATP-PC, Glycolytic, and Oxidative energy systems. Although a huge portion of the test involves the use of the oxidative energy system, we must remember that the three systems are co-occurrent.
It has long been established that both short and long-term exercise increase metabolic rate and heat production. This naturally predisposes participants to dehydration. Typical symptoms of dehydration include elevated temperature, fluid and electrolyte imbalance due to sweating, and loss of critical nutrients, such as glycogen (depleted via metabolic pathways). Many individuals participating in moderate to rigorous training schedules may engage in daily exercise, if not multiple exercise routines in one day (3,4,5,6). It then follows that the goal for these individuals should be avoidance of dehydration and maximization of rehydration through maintenance of electrolyte balance, replenishment of muscle glycogen, and plasma osmolality. Thus, examination of a fluid’s efficacy in these three areas is crucial. Through extensive research, it is evident that Gatorade will rehydrate faster and more effectively than water.
Overall, the data collected from this lab supported the hypothesis that even though the 1.5 mile run test will not produce the highest average VO2 max, the results of the 1.5 mile run will produce the most accurate VO2 max results as the test puts more physiological demand on the body compared to the Queens College/McArdle Step Test and the Rockport One Mile Walk Test. Even though theoretically all three of the field tests should have produced the same estimate of aerobic capacity, the three tests produced different results due to various reasons. Since the 1.5 mile run placed the most physiological demands on the body, this test was a better indicator of individual VO2 max. Overall, all three of the field tests proved that males had a higher average VO2 max compared to women. In addition, individuals who are aerobically trained tend to perform better considering these individuals are able to sustain a higher intensity level for a longer amount of
Over a three week period a test subject was instructed to come to the exercise physiology lab once a week. The purpose of the first week was to determine the baseline test data for the participant. During this first week, the subject was asked how many hours of sleep they had gotten the night before and how much they weighed. The subject was then instructed to put on a heart monitor and wear an O2 apparatus and begin running on a treadmill. This treadmill was set at zero incline for the beginning of the run until three minutes had passed. At the three minute mark the incline increased by 2.5%. After this the incline was continuously increased by 2.5% every two minutes. During this process, the VO2 and RER exchange rate of the subject was being tracked through the O2 apparatus. Their heart rate was recorded every 15 seconds. In addition, the subject was asked their perceived exertion at every increase in incline. The subject continued to run until they could not run anymore, at this time they would hop off the treadmill.
This lab experiment was conducted in a Texas Woman’s University exercise physiology lab room, on September 20, 2013. It consisted of two main participants: A trained participant (Male; 30 years old; 72 in. tall; 82.9 kg) and an untrained participant (Female; 20 years old; 65 in. tall; 75 kg). They were selected by my Prof. April Hartman to participate because they were best qualified to conduct the study in our class. Both participants were assigned to carry out the same experimental task. The Bruce Protocol (graded test) on a treadmill (mode of exercise) was used to conduct the VO2max test. The materials needed were: 1 metabolic cart (with computers); 2 mouthpieces; 1 nose clip; 1 treadmill; 1 RPE scale; 1 timer; pen; paper; and a HR monitor.
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effect of increasing the number jumping jacks (from 0 to 30 to 60 to 90) executed by a 15 year old female on the heart rate (beats/minute or bpm) of the female. To test this 3 participants (15 year old females) were gathered and had their resting (0 jumping jacks) heart rates in bpm determined after 2 minutes of sitting down and refraining from movement. In this experiment, to determine the heart rate of the participants the arterial pulses of the radial artery were counted. Since the number of time the artery pulsates is equal to the number of times the heart beats it is considered the same. After that, each participant executed jumping jacks ranging in number from 30 to 60 to 90. After
Carb cycling, a diet plan that alters the intake of carbs on a daily basis in order to keep metabolism high without a plateau or muscle loss, is growing in popularity for everyday people, endurance athletes, power lifters, and body competitors. That is not too surprising considering its simplicity and effectiveness. The basis of carb cycling is that from day-to-day one’s diet is constantly changing in the amount of carbohydrates and fats that are consumed. This results in overall fat loss while gaining muscle with more psychological ease, making it one of the easiest diets out there; however, there is no day-by-day instruction manual to follow. It takes knowledge and knowing one’s body. Everyone’s body is different; thus, every diet will be different, but learning how to alter the diet based on one’s body and daily routines is the key. To be more specific, endurance athletes have very different nutrition needs than power lifters, non-endurance sports, and less active people.
If you are going to build a house what is the one thing YOU MUST HAVE? A blueprint is what you will use to make sure that you build this house right. The only way you know that your house is not being built correctly is when it is different from the blueprint. You want just say I want to build a house and have no specifics. I want a roof, bathroom, kitchen, dining room, garage, 4 bed rooms, and then start building. However, how in the heck will you build a great
Glycemic index is the measure of how quickly blood glucose rise after eating a particular kind of food. This is used by estimating the how much each gram of carbohydrate consumed raises a person’s glucose level. During intense exercise, the body uses glucose as energy source before it starts relying of fats. “Prolonged exercise can only be continued when there is an adequate amount of carbohydrate available to fuel muscle and the brain”(William,2004). This shows that the amount of carbohydrate/glucose that is found within the body’s tissue has a significant amount of influence to play on how effective the early hours of an exercise would be. Glycemic index helps one to know how effective the carbohydrate/glucose within the body is functioning during exercise.
Mettler, S. "Increased protein intake reduces lean body mass loss during weight loss in athletes.."
Human development has drastically changed within the exercise and fitness industry since the 1940’s. This industry is now one of the largest, most studied, and sought out aspects of human life. Many people depend on exercise to sustain their health and change their bodies both physically and mentally. Specifically, many look to change their body composition, meaning how much muscular lean tissue and fat they have (Zanker, Cathy, and Louise). In many circumstances, such changes to one’s body are heavily scrutinized and evaluated against social norms (O’Donnell). Exercise to improve body composition can be done using two different methods, anaerobic and aerobic exercise. In regards to improving body composition, anaerobic exercise's effects are
AIM: - the aim of this experiment is to find out what the effects of exercise are on the heart rate. And to record these results in various formats. VARIABLES: - * Type of exercise * Duration of exercise * Intensity of exercise * Stage of respiration
Furthermore, nutritional analysis of recording or reporting food intake data presents a main source of inaccuracy when determining habitual nutrient intake and it does not contain comprehensive information on the interpretation of results from dietary surveys (Macdiarmid, & Blundell, 1997). Therefore, biochemical markers of nutrient intake are now a valuable tool in validating dietary assessment methods (Bingham, 2002). For example, the double labelled water technique and 24-hour urine nitrogen and potassium are routinely used and potentially independent of the errors associated with dietary survey methods (Bingham, 2002).
“With the exception of nutrition, more fallacies exist in the area of exercise than in any other area of health” (Dintiman, Stone, Pennington, & Davis, 1984). Exercise produces significant physical and mental benefits and is extremely vital to life. It substantially improves stamina, strengthens and tones muscles, helps prevent diseases, enhances flexibility, controls weight, and prolongs the quality of life. In order to gain all the benefits from exercise and be truly healthy, it is very important to understand and take action with both types of exercise: anaerobic and aerobic. With the combination of aerobic and anaerobic exercise, an individual will greatly increase their overall health and wellness significantly.
Since the turn of the 19th century, exercise has been a major focal point for health gurus all around the world. The health benefits of regular exercise are known universally. Many of which will be explored later through out the paper. However, the early 60’s brought about a new era of personal fitness in a revolutionary way. It supposedly brought about an easier way to get into shape without killing yourself by constantly exercising or wasting time and money in the gym. This was of course the widespread commercialization of dieting. People all around the world began desert their local gyms because of this new, revolutionary way of losing weight and getting into shape. Most people did not realize that it was possible to not only lose weight, but to also burn fat simply by changing their diet. Since the commercialization of dieting, there has been an ongoing debate about what type of personal fitness method is the most effective. Many experts’ opinions are split between exercise and dieting, and some say that a combination of both is the most beneficial to one’s health. Both dieting and exercise have their health benefits, many of which are the same. Regardless, the debate between which form of personal fitness is the most effective, exercise and dieting, rages on even today.