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Stalin economic and development introduction
Stalin economic and development introduction
The effect of stalin's policies on the soviet people
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Evaluation of Stalin's Rule of the USSR
This statement about Stalin's ruling of the USSR between the years
1928 and 1941 is more than just black and white. The preceding social
influences of the Communist Party, coupled with the practical side of
putting all of these ideas into use caused an extremely complex
situation. Stalin's ideas benefited some, greatly disadvantaged others
and completely changed the way the USSR was run and how all sectors of
public life were organised. In the process of ascertaining how
important each of the factors such as the industrial base, the
agricultural system and control of society, a view of Stalinist rule
between these years is created. The issues that affected Stalin's rule
and decisions are more numerable than simply the welfare of the Soviet
people.
Undertaking the task of analysing Stalin's regime in this period of 13
years is not an easy feat. There are a broad range of subjects and
ideas to comprehend and attempt to convey to begin to understand the
overall view of Stalinist Russia. A logical starting point for the
consideration of Stalin's actions as he sought to drag the Soviet
Unioninto a position where it stood amongst equals on the
international stage is the impact of Stalin's rule when compared to
the wider history of Russia. In the beginning, five years into the new
20th Century was the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II. The Tsar's trial
of ruling Russia as an autocracy failed, but in the future, Stalin
would succeed where he failed. A figure always closely linked to any
of Stalin's actions is Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik movement
that took control of Russia in late 1917. Leni...
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...rty. This disorganisation
of both industry and agriculture led to devastating famine and
horrific death tolls. Also, Stalin's method of ensuring his
dictatorship, removing all of his opposition, was both brutal and
damaging to his own country. His actions in the purges not only
weakened his country's defence, but deprived Russia of over a decade
of artistic advancement. Yes, Stalin was responsible for incredible
developments in the USSR, and yes he did transform it from a backward
country into a strong modern state. But the price for this was the
misery of the Soviet people, and the eventual crippling of Russia's
socio-economic growth through bad decisions and brutality. Therefore I
believe that the statement about Stalin is highly accurate, but that
it was not just the people, but the country also that paid the price.
Around the early 1920’s, Stalin took power and became leader of Russia. As a result Russians either became fond of Stalin’s policies or absolutely despised them. Stalin’s five-year plans lured many into focusing on the thriving economy rather than the fact that the five year plan hurt the military. The experience of many lives lost, forced labor camps, little supply of food, influenced the Russians negative opinion about Stalin. Having different classes in society, many Russians had different points of views. For the Peasants, times were rough mainly because of the famine, so they were not in favor of Stalin and his policies; where as the upper classes had a more optimistic view of everything that was occurring. Stalin’s policies affected the Russian people and the Soviet Union positively and also had a negative affect causing famine for the Russian people.
Tucker, Robert C. "Stalinism as Revolution from Above". Stalinism. Edited by Robert C. Tucker. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1999.
In order to establish whether Lenin did, indeed lay the foundation for Stalinism, two questions need to be answered; what were Lenin’s plans for the future of Russia and what exactly gave rise to Stalinism? Official Soviet historians of the time at which Stalin was in power would have argued that each one answers the other. Similarly, Western historians saw Lenin as an important figure in the establishment of Stalin’s socialist state. This can be partly attributed to the prevailing current of pro-Stalin anti-Hitler sentiments amongst westerners until the outbreak of the cold war.
When Stalin became leader of the USSR the quality of life and standard of living dropped considerably. For instance the people had no personal freedom. Meaning that they had to worship Stalin as all other religions had been abolished and most churches had been demolished. The people who went into those churches that were left standing were arrested or punished otherwise. Soon there were food shortages. Somewhere between 1932 and 1933 over 6 million people died of starvation. This was the greatest man made famine in history. The famine came as a result of Stalin’s unrealistic goals . Also, people had poor family lives. Abortions came a dime a dozen as did divorces. Wedding rings were banned. There was insufficient housing, as some people had to live in tents. This may be because of workers not working hard enough. Maybe if the workers worked harder they could have received better housing.
In conclusion, many soviets citizens appeared to believe that Stalin’s positive contributions to the U.S.S.R. far outweigh his monstrous acts. These crimes have been down played by many of Stalin’s successors as they stress his achievements as collectivizer, industrializer, and war leader. Among those citizens who harbor feelings of nostalgia, Stalin’s strength, authority , and achievement contrast sharply with the pain and suffering of post-revolutionary Russia.
Stalin’s hunger for power and paranoia impacted the Soviet society severely, having devastating effects on the Communist Party, leaving it weak and shattering the framework of the party, the people of Russia, by stunting the growth of technology and progress through the purges of many educated civilians, as well as affecting The Red Army, a powerful military depleted of it’s force. The impact of the purges, ‘show trials’ and the Terror on Soviet society were rigorously negative. By purging all his challengers and opponents, Stalin created a blanket of fear over the whole society, and therefore, was able to stay in power, creating an empire that he could find more dependable.
This essay will concentrate on the comparison and analysis of two communist figures: Mao Zedong, leader of the Communist Party in China, and Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union. The main focus of this paper will be to explore each figure’s world view in depth and then compare and contrast by showing their differences and similarities. Joseph Stalin was a realist dictator of the early 20th century in Russia. Before he rose to power and became the leader of the Soviet Union, he joined the Bolsheviks and was part of many illegal activities that got him convicted and he was sent to Siberia (Wood, 5, 10). In the late 1920s, Stalin was determined to take over the Soviet Union (Wiener & Arnold, 1999).
Though it existed for over 70 years, many of the Soviet Union’s structures were put in place before and during Stalin’s reign. Milovan Djilas succinctly summarized the general Soviet system in his book, The New Class when he wrote “There is no fundamental difference in the Communist system between governmental services and party organizations, as in the example of the party and the secret police. The party and the police mingle very closely…the difference between them is only in the distribution of work” (Djilas, pg 73). The system Djilas described was one where the Bolshevik party was in absolute control of the government and all its functions. This included the bureaucracy, and secret police, as well as the military. As a result, the Bolshevik party was in total control of all the Soviet Union’s levers of power. It was effectively an autocracy of the Communist party, at the head of which rested Joseph Stalin, whose power was absolute and as close to god-like, as anyone had ever had. Nikita Khrushchev testified to Stalin’s autocratic power in his book, Khrushchev Remembers, when he wrote, “Stalin adapted all methods of indoctrination to his own purposes. He demanded unthinking obedience and unquestioning faith” (Khrushchev, pg 8). Khrushchev was undoubtedly politically biased against Stalin, but his statement seems to be in line with the latter’s record of achievements. The purges of
Stalin continued even once he was successful in accomplishing those goals, as he did not stop hurting people, but if anything it gave him more power to hurt people even more. But, at the end of the day, although Lenin ruled for only a very short time, he did raise the standard of living, though there maintained a large amount of hardship. Stalin, however, transformed the USSR from a peasantry to an industrialized nation in less than a decade, he did it on the backs of his millions of victims, who died because of his harsh policies and many purges. Lenin made a series of policies throughout the beginning of the Revolution and through his short time in public office that came to be collectively known as ‘Leninism’. There were many things that influenced Leninism, such as Karl Marx.
In order to conclude the extent to which the Great Terror strengthened or weakened the USSR, the question is essentially whether totalitarianism strengthened or weakened the Soviet Union? Perhaps under the circumstances of the 1930s in the approach to war a dictatorship may have benefited the country in some way through strong leadership, the unifying effect of reintroducing Russian nationalism and increased party obedience. The effects of the purges on the political structure and community of the USSR can be described (as Peter Kenez asserts) as an overall change from a party led dictatorship to the dictatorship of a single individual; Stalin. Overall power was centred on Stalin, under whom an increasingly bureaucratic hierarchy of party officials worked. During the purges Stalin's personal power can be seen to increase at the cost of the party.
Son of a poverty-stricken shoemaker, raised in a backward province, Joseph Stalin had only a minimum of education. However, he had a burning faith in the destiny of social revolution and an iron determination to play a prominent role in it. His rise to power was bloody and bold, yet under his leadership, in an unexplainable twenty-nine years, Russia because a highly industrialized nation. Stalin was a despotic ruler who more than any other individual molded the features that characterized the Soviet regime and shaped the direction of Europe after World War II ended in 1945. From a young revolutionist to an absolute master of Soviet Russia, Joseph Stalin cast his shadow over the entire globe through his provocative affair in Domestic and Foreign policy.
The use of censorship to remove opposition demonstrated that radical groups in both tsarist and communist regimes were halted in influencing the masses to become radical so that they can overthrow the regimes. However, in Nicholas 2nd’s regime, censorship was effective as it was another repressive measure to remove opposition. Nicholas felt that the Russian youth were exposed to propagandist’s ideals so with the belief that the government had power to control what is published or read censorship decreased the influence that radical groups needed to carry out their plans. Tight rules of censorship continued since 1848-1855 then changed in 1855-63 as censorship was relaxed with the implementation of the glasnost (Policy of openness) . Which indicated that the government realized the idea to withdraw ‘dangerous orientation’ which increased books in 1855 as there were 1,020 and 1864 with 1,836 establishing that it was easy to print material especially when the government had economic and social problems. Resulting in radical groups influenced to the extent that they were powerful enough to assassinate Alexander 2nd in 1881. However, the rules remained relaxed until the 1905 revolution, which effectively removed oppositional groups in influencing people in a crucial time where propaganda would have been effective in overthrowing the tsar.
One impact of Stalin’s autocratic style was his ability to use violence and to create fear within the people to show everyone that he will do anything to rule as long as he can. For instance, Stalin created a young savage military group known as the Red Army. The purpose of the Red Army was to patrol neighborhoods and to see if anyone was planning against Stalin. If they were the individuals were shot dead and executed. They, however, also fought wars with the other western countries. Furthermore, “The Red Army was successful in perpetuating a brutal totalitarian system at home and in Eastern Europe” (“Red Army” 1). Clearly, Stalin became obsessed with power and wanted to rule as long as he could; anyone who tried to overthrow him was shot dead immediately because he did not want a revolution to happen and cause another civil war. Additionally, Stalin achieved that by creating the Red Army he could kill anyone who even thinks about overthrowing him and the government. By creating the Red Army, Stalin was able to become a brutal dictator that ruled for so long, and he was also able to completely suppress the people so he can carry on the communist ideology. The concept of the Soviet Gulag was another effect of Stalin’s leadership style. It was consisted of systems of labor camps, to which millions of people during Stalin’s reign were exiled to. “Approximately, 50 million people from all over the Soviet Union perished in the gulag during Stalin’s reign, succumbing to starvation, exposure, execution, and mistreatment. Anyone who Stalin considered to be a threat or potentially subversive was sent to Siberia” (Catherwood 1). Clearly, Stalin wanted to achieve his goals of making the Soviet Union to slowly become a superpower. In process of achieving his goal, Stalin eliminated anyone that he considered might be a threat to him. Furthermore, Stalin
...change of industrial leadership crippled Russia's mechanization efforts and it is still argued today if the effects are still felt. By removing these people from the Soviet society both the biologist theories of Nature verses Nurture were challenged at best and destroyed at worst. For the argument of nature being the greatest influence on learning ability most of the intellectuals and brightest leaders were removed from the gene pool. In contrast to Nurture these people could not influence society any longer. Through these changes in society Stalin has forever made his mark. His pollicies effected every area in Russian culture.
The 1917 February Revolution saw the end of the Romanov dynasty as Tsar Nicholas abdicated and his place soviets (Russian for councils) were set up across the country to represent soldiers, workers and peasants, which allowed the Provisional Government led by A... ... middle of paper ... ... onstraints. Stalin established system that lacked a smooth transition of power after his death and dragged the USSR into a Cold War with America who had the ability to out produce and out spend because of its market based economy and privatisation of debt. Stalin's harsh polices are indefensible on a moral or human level.