Though the phenomena itself is as old as any other branch of Physics, the focus on wear aspects of Material and development of the field as a separate study in its own right is rather new. Tribology is a relatively young branch of Mechanical Engineering, introduced in 1966 by Prof. H. Peter Jost in his report for the UK Department of Education and Science. The Oxford English dictionary defines Tribology as “the branch of science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion and with associated matters (as friction, wear, lubrication, and the design of bearings)”.
As with the other younger branches of Science of Technology, Tribology has also culminated itself into a branch of technology friendlier to the earth. Such a branch is green tribology which focuses on being environmentally conscious to create a sustainable environment and ultimately leading to improvement of environmental quality. Twelve Principles of Green Tribology forms the cornerstone of this green initiative.
A small but important aspect of Green Engineering derived from these twelve principles is the Biomimetic approach which includes biomimetic surfaces, materials, and other biomimetic and bio-inspired approaches, since they tend to be more eco friendly. Biomimetics (also referred to as bionics or biomimicry) is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. The remarkable properties of the biological materials serve as a source of inspiration for materials scientists and engineers indicating that such performance can be achieved if the paradigm of materials design is changed. While in most cases it is not possible to directly borrow solutions from l...
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Lotus effect is just one of the many demonstrations of Biomimetic. Other possible realms of the applications include
1. The Gecko effect- when strong adhesion is needed (e.g., adhesive tapes) or for reversible adhesion (e.g., climbing robot);
2. Fish Scales- ecological coatings ; Underwater oleophobicity - self-cleaning and antifouling surfaces;
3. Moth eye effect- the self-cleaning ability combined with optical properties;
4. MicroElectroMechanical System (MEMS)-based dynamically tunable surfaces for the control of liquid/matter flow and/or coloration; Self-repairing surfaces and materials, which are able to heal minor damage;
5. Water strider effect mimicking the ability of insects to walk on water using the capillary forces;
6. The ‘‘Sand Fish’’ lizard effect, able to dive and ‘‘swim’’ in loose sand due to special electromechanical properties of its scale
After results, it was concluded that isopods prefer normal temperature conditions over warm conditions. We created these environments by adding water onto filter papers with the accounted for temperature measurements. The reason for the results could be seen in a usual isopod environment, it is usually dark, fresh, and moist, and the normal water temperature being the closest to that was the reason for their choosing. The Isopods seemed to locate the appropriate environment by the use of their antennas. For the investigation the normal water and warm water temperatures were independent variables. The observations were the control. The isopods behavior served as the dependent variables. The isopod behavior would be classified as movement in response to a cooler temperature environment taxis. All in all the hypothesis, “If the isopods are exposed to normal and warm temperatures then the normal temperature will be preferred” proved to be
Limpets are a sessile species (Sessile animals are usually permanently attached to a solid substrate of some kind) which are abundant on rocky shores, as they are rich in algae (their primary food source) and spend most of their time clinging to hard substrates or bare rocks. They are capable of withstanding water velocities in excess of 20 ms−1 (Mark W. Denny and Carol A. Blanchette, 2000) which imposes large hydrodynamic forces on the limpet. Limpets can accomplish this b...
...s in the water, as well as quick change in pace and direction. This again is to evade predation.
Study done from the available fossils show that the body of Liopleurodon was very streamlined and adapted to swimming. Its body had four limbs which were paddle-like in shape. These paddle shaped limbs acted like propellers which made it
“The skin of amphibians is water permeable, well supplied with glands, and often colorful, with the colors and patterns of many salamanders and anurans rivaling those of brightly colored birds. It performs many functions. It protects against abrasion and pathogens, serves as a respiratory membrane, perhaps marginally so in caecilians, absorbs and releases water, provides some dry-land species during droughts with a water-loss-resistant cocoon, and through color change (in some species) a...
adhere, but flypaper that has no properties of its own, not even the property of being
fin on the back of a seahorse's body wave rapidly to move the seahorse through the water.
Watch a leaf flow down stream; watch its behavior within the water… Perhaps it will sit upon the surface, gently twirling along with the current, dancing around
As technology and medicine evolves with rapid pace and patients demand to be treated with the best technology available, while society and health systems are concerned about cost-effectiveness and safety of every procedure in use, there is an urgent need to take advantage of every technology available and make research to broaden our knowledge on nanotechnology and focus on its applications on plastic and reconstructive
The platypus is covered with a thick water-resistant fur, excluding its bill and feet. It’s body it streamlined, has short limbs and webbed forefeet to propel itself through water using an alternative kicking motion. The webs on the for...
Keep it Simple Science. Production of Materials. Port Macquarie: Keep it Simple Science, 2005. 24-27. Print
currently a feasible option, current research in this topic may lead to breakthroughs very soon.
?Robotics will boost quality and transfer efficiency levels.? Coatings (Jul.-Aug. 1991): 66 InfoTrac. Online. Nov. 2002. .
Projectile motion is used in our daily lives, from war, to the path of the water in the water fountain, to sports. When using a water fountain or hose, projectile motion can be used to describe the path and motion of the water. This technology was created by finding the angle at which the water would come out at a maximum height and the person using it would be able to drink it without leaning over too much. These types of projectile motion will be further explored and analyzed in this assessment.
Smart materials are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli [8] that provide architects with more opportunity to design that are environmentally sustainable. According to early definitions, smart materials are materials that could respond to their environments in a timely manner [9]. With a look to characteristics of smart materials, we discover that they directly focus on their actuation events and the ability of prognosis, immediate response to the environmental conditions. The external stimuli, Light, Temperature, Pressure, Electric field, Magnetic field and Chemical environment [2] on smart materials cause different effect on smart materials. Addington and Schodek say “The behaviour of a material is dependent upon its interaction with an energy stimulus” [1]. Smart materials according their response to external stimuli classify to three groups: Property change, Energy exchange and Shape memory alloy [9]. Smart materials are often described as adaptive or intelligent materials [2]. Because of this adaptivity, also increases the option space for saving energy while at the same time supporting favourable comfort conditions [10]. With the aim of developing and encouraging appropriate energy policies for the future, it is required to gain an understanding of professional views in all countries, as well as those with extensive fossil fuel reserves [11]. Smart Materials are a particular type of materials that have recently received considerable attention in the international construction industry because they suggest the feasibility of preparing clean energy sources for buildings in aesthetically and architecturally fascinating ways