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How do crime rates differ between races
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There is a great disparity in the incarnation rates of African Americans in the United States. The war on drugs created a legal way to target African Americans and strip them of the rights they were afforded after slavery ended. It provided the ability to give harsh sentences for non-violent offences. Drugs were flooded into the already severely impoverished communities that were already vulnerable to addiction due to their environment and trauma. Then stop and frisk allowed police officers to target these neighborhood and arrest community member for possession of illegal substances and brand them criminals, dehumanizing and isolating them in cages/jails (). This further makes them susceptible to substance misuse. Furthermore, once released …show more content…
Therefore, instead of asking why the addiction, providers should ask why the pain. This allows for the trauma and other challenges faced by adolescents to be addressed. There are several treatment and interventions for adolescents that address these needs.
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is a short-term treatment for youth ages 4-18 that have significant behavioral or emotional problems due to traumatic life experiences. TF-CBT uses weekly, clinic-based, individual treatment to assist youth in addressing their traumatic memories while helping them developing skills to manage their painful emotions, thought and behaviors ().
Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a collaborative form of treatment that is person centered to promote and guide individuals towards motivation for change, but change has to be important to the client - (Naar-King and Suarez, 2011). MI views the clients as expects and takes a stance of uncertainty, which means that practitioners do not direct clients to make any decisions or take any actions. MI is strongly based on empathy and respects and accepts the clients feeling without judgement. MI recognized that there are five stages of change and help clients create their own goals while highlighting any discrepancies. MI uses open-ended questions, reflective listening and Decisional Balancing while affirming
Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2008). Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Parents. Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 13(4), 158-162.
Mass Incarceration: The New Jim Crow is the direct consequence of the War on Drugs. That aims to reduce, prevent and eradicate drug use in America through punitive means. The effect of the war on drug policies returned de jure discrimination, denied African Americans justice and undermined the rule of law by altering the criminal justice system in ways that deprive African Americans civil rights and citizenship. In the “New Jim Crow” Alexandra argues that the effects of the drug war policies are not unattended consequences but coordinated by designed to deny African Americans opportunity to gain wealth, be excluded from gaining employment and exercise civil rights through mass incarceration and felony conviction. The war on drugs not only changes the structure of the criminal justice system, it also changes the ways that police officers, prosecutors and judges do their jobs.
The targets of the drug war are certain racial groups just because they are of color, they are targets because the law enforcements have bias opinions about the people of color rather than those who are white.The people of color and whites are both as likely to use and sell drugs, but the people of color have a bigger probability to get arrested, searched, prosecuted, convicted or sent to jail for the violation of drug laws. The drug war isn't only about people of color, it is about every races including white. The enforcement does not look for the increasing of drug activity because But the law enforcement doesn’t focus on the high income neighborhoods in search for drugs, what they do is focus on the poor low income neighborhoods because that is where they think drugs are being abused. The drug policies are very discriminatory and attack those that are non white, or those who live in a neighborhood where everyone thinks drugs are abused there. According to the article “Race, Drugs, and Law Enforcement in the United States” it uses statistics from seattle that shows a clear example of the discrimination of the supposed war on drugs.“A recent study in Seattle is illustrative. Although the majority of those who shared, sold, or transferred serious drugs[17]in Seattle are white (indeed seventy percent of the general Seattle population is white), almost two-thirds (64.2%) of drug arrestees are black”(hrw.org 1). This quote shows what a study found in seattle, that the population in seattle is seventy percent but most of the people in jail are blacks. Seattle has a problem where cocaine and crack are the main drug being abused and sold, but the people who sell it the most is whites but the majority who end up in jail for cocaine or crack charges are african americans. Well this happens because black people do drugs but also white people, but the ones who are the victims of incarceration are
The Motivational Interviewing film was very informative. I was able to get a clear understanding of what is to be expected by the therapist during a session. The film explained the therapist should engage in reflective listening, develop a growing discrepancy, avoid arguing with clients, roll with resistance and support self-advocacy. Miller believed that this approach was far more effective than traditional methods, where the therapist pushed for change. In contrast, Miller explained that motivational interviewing focused on empowerment and helping clients to become motivationally driven to change. Also, Miller stressed the importance of working alongside clients, a term he referred to as dancing. The process in which the client leads
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is one of the most commonly utilized interventions for children (Cary & McMillen, 2011). TF-CBT is a highly structured intervention consisting of 90-minute weekly sessions. The clinician works with the client through eight competencies, including psychoeducation, relaxation, affective expression and regulation, cognitive coping, trauma narrative development and processing, gradual exposure, joint parent/child sessions, and enhancing future development (Cary & McMillen, 2011). TF-CBT has an extensive history and many variations. Clinicians utilize a number of other cognitive behavior treatments that have been adapted to meet the needs of traumatized children (Cary, & McMillen, 2012; Smith et al., 2007). While there are a number of cognitive behavior treatments, TF-CBT has received the highest classification rating for supported and effective treatment from many studies (Cary, & McMillen, 2012; Kauffman Best Practices Project, 2004).
Another reason racialized mass incarceration takes place is because of the high rates of poverty and unemployment for inner city African Americans, especially those with low-education and low skill levels. Urban ghettos have been associated with the problem of social disorganization and crime. The biggest reason for this is the war on drugs. There is no substantial proof that verifies African Americans are more involved in illegal drug consumptions than other groups are. However they are arrested more than other groups. Bobo and Thompson stated that blacks are almost 34% involved in drug-related arrests though only 14% of those are among regular illegal drug users. Among drug related convictions, African Americans make up half of the cases whereas only 26% of the white population is convicted. As Bobo and Thompson stated, “Illegal drug consumption seems to know no race. Incarceration for drug-related charges, however, is something visited in a heavily biased manner on African Americans.”
Motivational interviewing is based on a client centered approach to therapy that uses open-ended questions, affirmation, reflective listening and summaries to help the client recognize the pros and cons of change and their reasons for resisting change thereby eliminating their ambivalence about change. Once the client deals with their ambivalence the Miller and Rollick believe that the client will be able to make the necessary changes. In addition, motivational interviewing gets the client to argue for change not the counselor. Furthermore, the client not the counselor is responsible for their progress.
Cognitive behavioral therapy commonly known as CBT is a systematic process by which we learn to change our negative thoughts into more positive ones. CBT is a combination of two types of therapy, Cognitive Therapy and Behavioral Therapy. Cognition is our thoughts, so cognitive behavioral therapy combines working with our thought process and changing our behavior at the same time. Cognitive behavioral therapists believe that our behavior and our feelings are influenced by the way we think; also our mood is affected by our behavior and thought process. So CBT tries to tackle our thoughts, feelings and behavior. Scientific research has shown that cognitive behavioral therapy is affective for a wide range of mental health problems. The purpose is to bring positive change by alleviating emotional distress such as depression. CBT starts by breaking down your problems into smaller components, often trying to identify particular problematic thoughts or behavior. Once these problems are broken down it is then suggested a straightforward plan in which the patient and therapist can intervene to promote recovery.
DuVernay examines this cycle in each of its evolving iterations; when one method of just simple pure evil is abolished, another takes its place. DuVernay also talks about Nixon’s presidential campaign, Reagan’s War on Drugs, Bill Clinton’s Three Strikes and mandatory sentencing laws. Once Jim Crow Laws were banned as you would guess the cycle continued, African Americans started being portrayed as criminals and sent to jail for no reason but being black. The government started coming up with laws that targeted the poor and mostly African Americans because they were usually poor. These laws included selling and having possession of crack far worst then having/selling cocaine even though they were the same drug. They did this because crack was much cheaper than cocaine and therefore more accessible to African Americans. They also treated drug addictions as a crime rather than a health issue. Another law was the three strikes and you are out law which meant that no matter what the crime if you are convicted for three felonies the you are put into jail for life. Two other laws they came up with were the stand your ground law which meant anyone who looked suspicious you could shoot and also the law and crime bill which greatly increased funding for police. Many African Americans were convicted for crimes they did not commit and if they went to trial there jail term would be greatly increased so there only choice was to stay in jail for many years for a crime they did not even commit or admit the are guilty for something they did not do. ⅓ African American men go to jail in there life time when only 1/17 white males go. A measly 6.5% of African American men make up the US population and 42% of prison population which is just unbelievable. Jails also started finding anyone they thought were an immigrant and unfairly putting African Americans into jails because if the jails were not full they would be closed. With all of
Rebecca Kreman, Bernice C. Yates, Sangeeta Agrawal, Kathryn Fiandt, Wayne Briner, Scott Shurmur, The effects of motivational interviewing on physiological outcomes, Applied Nursing Research, Volume 19, Issue 3, August 2006, Pages 167-170, ISSN 0897-1897, DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2005.10.004.
Motivational interviewing is a holistic approach where a nurse may elicit motivation for change in many patient health problems. According to Dossey & Keegan (2016), “Motivational interviewing (MI) is a well-known, research-based method of interacting with patients that were developed in the 1980s to improve outcomes…” (p. 207). Dossey & Keegan also notes the idea behind this methodology is the ultimate goal is to not point out discrepancies but to have the patient utilize a tool called self-discovery (2016, p.108). Determining one’s own individuality helps people develop a sense of what their strengths and weaknesses are, so they may develop a plan that works for the person.
Westra, H., & Aviram, A. (2013). Core skills in motivational interviewing. Psychotherapy, 50(3), 273-278. doi: 10.1037/a0032409
Reflective listening can diminish patients` resistance and facilitate movement in patients` readiness to change with accurate understanding of what patients mean and encouragement of discussion of patients` reasons for wanting to make changes (Noordman et al., 2013). Open questions are efficient especially in the early phases of motivational interviewing as they can elicit discussion of the reasons for making desired changes and explore patients` goals and values (Levenseky et al., 2007). Direct affirming and supporting can help health care providers support patients` self –efficacy, build rapport and reinforce patients` effort by giving a simple compliment and acknowledging small successes (Levensky et al.,
The war on drugs has produced greatly unequal consequences in racial groups, displayed through racial discrimination by law enforcement and unequal drug war despair suffered by communities of color. African Americans comprise 14% of regular drug users, but 37% of those are arrested for drug-related offenses.
Firstly, the ability to ask open ended questions secondly, the ability to provide affirmations that is reflection. Thirdly, the ability to provide summary to the client at the end of counseling session (American Journal of Nursing, 2007). This type of counseling increases client’s awareness on the issue and consequences experienced. In motivational counseling therapists helps the clients in envision of a better future, and to become increasingly motivated to achieve their goals. The main goals of motivational interviewing is to motivate client to a positive change (Rollnick, Miller,