Essay On Safavid And Ottoman

Ottoman-Safavid Wars

Ottomans and Safavid were engaged in a series of wars during 16th and 19th century. The ottomans emerged in what is today turkey in 15 century and gradually came into conflict with the rising Persian state. The Safavid and ottomans were arch rivals, they have different religious orthodoxy, divided by religious ground, and the Ottomans were Sunni while the Safavid were Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus and Iraq.

Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555

The main cause of this war was a territorial dispute, especially when the Bay of Bitlis decided to put himself under Persian protection. The ottoman led by Suleiman and

the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I The assassination of the sympathizer of sultan by governor of Baghdad, appointed by Tahmasp, further triggered the war.

Battle of Chaldiran
This destructive war ended with the victory of Ottoman Empire, once in history the Ottoman gained control over North-West Iran.

The Safavid lost eastern Anatolia and Iraq; as resulted, the Safavid moved toward treaties and agreement, thus, a new scenario formed in which ottoman and Safavid ended war and agreed over terms and condition. The treaty of Amasya signed in 1555 and Safavid retake Eastern Anatolia.

Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603-1618

Abbas I of Persia and the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Ahmed I fought a war and Safavid remained successful. It began in 1603 and ended with a decisive Safavid victory in 1618. At the end of the war, Persia had regained and reestablished its suzerainty over the Caucasus and Mesopotamia.

Agreements and Treaties

The two Gun Powder empires, The Safavid and Ottoman; based on religious identity fought many wars because of different religious views, one based on Sunni ideology and second on Shia ideology. In 16th century, relations established between Ottoman and Safavid through many peace treaties. 1639, Safavid Persia and Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Zuhab which recognized Iraq in Ottoman control, and decisively parted the Caucasus in two between the two empires. For most of it, the Zuhab treaty was a consolidation of the Peace of Amasya of about a century

earlier.

The Amasya peace treaty
The Amasya peace treaty was the first peace agreement signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid State. In the Amasyan Peace agreement, the Ottoman Empire recognized the Safavid Empire as a State finally. According to the Amasya peace agreement, the Ottoman Empire and Iran divided countries of Transcaucasia and Near East between them. Iran took for itself: Kartli, Kakheti, the eastern part of Samtskhe-Saatabago with Akhaltsikhe, the eastern Part of Armenia with Yerevan, North and South Azerbaijan with Tabriz, eastern Kurdistan, whereas the Ottoman Empire took for itself: Imereti, Guria, Samegrelo, western Kurdistan. The Ottomans also took Kars, but they were not allowed to restore fortresses and strongholds there. According to the Amasya peace treaty, the attempt of Georgia’s territorial unification was frustrated. In 1555, the Ottoman-Iran peace treaty impeded the process of Georgia’s territorial unity, facilitating political separatism in it. By the Amasya peace treaty, the Ottoman Empire and Iran legitimized possession of the invaded countries. During the Ottoman-Iran wars in 17th-18th centuries, the Amasya treaty was the cornerstone for peaceful resolution of the territorial problems between the two states.
The Treaty of Constantinople
The Treaty of Constantinople, also known as the Peace of Istanbul or the Treaty of Ferhad Pasha, was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.

Both empires agreed to end the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578–1590.Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), members from Safavid dynasty and ottoman met and the treaty signed on 21 March 1590. When the Safavid Empire was week, the Ottomans, then ruled by Murad III, invaded the Safavid land in Georgia. Safavid king Abbas I, who had ascended the throne in 1588, opted for unconditional peace, which lead to the treaty. The treaty put an end to 12 years of hostilities between the two arch rivals. While both the war and the treaty were a success for the Ottomans, and severely disadvantageous for the Safavid, the new status quo proved to be short lived, as by the next bout of hostilities, several years later, all Safavid losses were

recovered.
Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
The war of 1603–1612 resulted into loss of land by Safavid, the internal conflict weaken the policies and military strength of Safavid. Through this agreement Safavid was granted back a Persian suzerainty over all of the Caucasus.

Treaty of Zohab (Treaty of Qasr-e-Shirin)
The treaty of Zohab, also known in history as Treaty of Qasr-e-Shirin; was an agreement between Safavid Persia and ottoman Empire to ended 150 years war between the two states over territorial disputes, and established boundary between these two change that remain unchanged into modern times . This treaty was signed on May 17, 1639.
The control of Safavid over Bagdad restored but the peace of central Iraq disturbed by local Arab Kurdish tribe troops
In the south too, even though the autonomous rule of the Afrāsiyāb dynasty was ended in 1668, Ottoman authority was soon challenged by the Muntafiq and Ḥawīza tribes of desert and marsh Arabs. Iranians took advantage of this disturbed state of affairs to infiltrate southern Iraq. Only after the Ottomans suffered defeat in a European war and negotiated the Treaty of Carlowitz in 1699 was the sultan able to dispatch troops to Iraq and recover Al-Baṣrah