HOLOGRAPHY
Hologram and its Working Principle:-
A hologram is a 3-dimensional (3D) image of an object. The first ever hologram was developed by Gober in 1947 before the laser light. That type of hologram is called in-line hologram as is almost abandoned in practical applications now.
The working principles involved are interference and diffraction. Diffraction of light from an object is recorded and it is presented as a 3D image with the help of interference of this diffracted ray with a reflected ray. Construction and playback of a hologram is undoubtedly an evidence of the fact that an interference pattern contains all the information about an object which can be re-constructed as well.
Difference between Holography and Photography:-
Its construction involves a more advance technique than a photograph. The common thing between the two methods is that both involve the use of film (called photographic film or holograph film according to the case being discussed). The image reconstruction in both methods is totally different.
Construction and Working of Holography Set-up:-
A hologram is made by the interference of two coherent beams of light; one of these is diffracted and reflected from the object (image of which is to be made) and the other comes directly from the source. The former beam is called object beam while later one is called reference beam. Holographic image is actually a microscopic pattern of interference fringes. Obviously this microscopic pattern decides the resolution of the image. These interference fringes are named as Bragg planes. These go through the recording medium all the way but are only visible to the viewer on the surface.
The whole process of creating the holographic image of an obj...
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... which can form real-time images and make quantitative measurements of many physiological parameters.
A very novel achievement of this digital technique is that images of living cells were formed in 2003 for the first time by using this. This technology is equally good for living, dying and died cells.
So far the holographic images are static but researchers are working on the transmission of a holographic image from one place to other in real time. Although these images are static but can be refreshed in every two seconds. This creates a strobe-like effect in the image. Therefore, to improve the resolution and decrease the refreshing time of these images is also a task for the researchers.
Following are the figures that can help understand the description of the methods of construction and playback of different holograms described above. Figures contain the titles.
There first invention produced was the Technicolor System 1 Additive Color, which I’m sorry to say flopped massively due to the unfortunate screening of The Gulf Between in 1917 which only a few frames remain of this film today. This was the first public premier of the technology and was disastrous. The film was captured through two separate filters red and green and the light through those two filters was captured on a single reel of film, when processed this negative had red and green information captured on a black and white reel, when this was processed the reel was placed into a projector and then threw red and green filters. To project the image an adjustable prism that had to manually lined up by the projectionist as two separate images formed on the projection screen this did not work as planned as the projectionist failed to line up the images correctly.
by the internal computers of the instrument, to create an image of internal body tissues. These images were then displayed on the screen for the user,
Prior to the invention of the daguerreotype, the Camera Obscura was the main optical instrument that was used to project images onto paper. The Camera Obscura was a device in the shape of a box that allowed light, which was being reflected from the images that the user was intending to capture, to enter through an opening at one end of the box to form an image on a surface and an artist would then trace the image to form the most accurate impression of an image at that peri...
In order to really understand where medical imaging is currently at one must have a basic understanding of where it came from. Twenty years ago radiologist would read and dictate the images on film. They were able to accomplish this by holding the film up to light boxes. This method provided no way for the radiologist to interact or manipulate the images
The main goal of virtual reality is to take its user into a virtual world. It provides a virtual space where almost everything is possible. Virtual reality works by tricking the parts of the brain that perceive motion.
...ossessed with three dimensional attributes. The optical effect may be explained by the fact that the human eyes see an object from two viewpoints separated laterally by about six centimeters. The two views show slightly different spatial relationships between near and near distant objects and the visual process fuses these stereoscopic views to a single three dimensional impression. The same parallax view of an object may be experienced upon reflection of an object seen from a concave mirror." (http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4229761.html).
But if we are looking for a more modern take on virtual reality we would start in the early 1800’s with a paint style called “Panoramic paintings”. So what are these and how do they relate to virtual reality. Well these paintings were made to fill a person’s field of vision, making them feel like they are at the historical event, scene, or battle they are looking at. (“History Of Virtual Reality”, 2017).
Images of human anatomy have been around for more than 500 years now. From the sketches created by Leonardo da Vinci, to the modern day Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, images have played a great role in medicine. Evolution in medical imaging brought together people from various disciplines such as Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, a collaboration which has further contributed to healthcare as a whole. Modern day imaging improves medical workflows by facilitating a non-invasive insight into human body, accurate and timely diagnostics, and persistence of an analysis.
Histopathological samples are examined in vivo where the relationship between the cells is maintained and observable. These can be cross sections of small organs or slices of larger ones. This results in a large number of cells being available and their cell-to-cell interactions apparent for examination.
All the direct and indirect techniques that are used to produce an image of the
Camera History.The first camera like devices can be seen as far back as Ancient Greece and China. This piece of early technology was called the Obscura, the invention of this was an important part in developing cameras and photography. A camera Obscura is a dark closed space that is shaped like a box with a hole on the other side of it. The light that comes through the tiny hole projects an image that meets the wall of the box. The image was then drawn by an artist; however, the image was projected upside down.
Because cells are the ‘basic unit of life’, the study of cells, cytology, can be considered one of the most important areas of biological research. Almost every day on the evening news, we are told about new discoveries in cell biology, such as cancer research, cloning, and embryology. (https://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073031216/student_view0/exercise3/the_importance_of_cell_biology.html)
A history of the beginning of the year augmented reality 1957-1962, when an inventor named Morton Heilig, a cinematographer, created and patented a simulator called Sensorama with visual, vibration and odor. In Virtual Reality technology, users interact with the virtual environment created for simulating the real world, but the user can not see the real world around him. In the augmented reality technology, the user can see the real world around him with the addition of a virtual object generated by a computer. Augmented reality 3D objects that appear directly in the media, it would require a special tool called a Head Mounted Display
Virtual Reality, aka VR, is an emerging technology that has yet to become mainstream like the smartphone or tablet. Even now when you ask someone about VR, chances are they will not seem too interested, but if it is someone who has already used it then they will show real excitement. VR is something that has to be experienced in order to realize its full potential.
Augmented reality actually has given a lot of contribution to various applications using 3D real environment. This review focuses on the medical visualization such in situ visualization device. The developed software will make an expert can contribute by create a real virtual environment in 3D so that the doctors easily to interact with. (Shuhaibar JH, 2004) defined augmented reality is a new approach in executing detailed surgical operations. More research needed to evaluate long-term clinical. It is important to have these technologies in order to create a human better life.