The topic I have chosen is the history of surveying level equipment and the types of surveying equipment. To start with ill go over the types of surveying equipment, in 1400 BC the Egyptians accurately divided the land to tax the people and created a rough draft of the plumb bob to determine if something is level by tying a rock to a beam and seeing if it fell straight down. Around 120 BC the Greeks used geometry to accurately divide the land and developed the diopter which is the first recorded surveying equipment since the Egyptians to help in dividing the land and developed standardized procedures to conduct the surveys. Later, chains were used to determine the distance and could be held taught to determine if something is level. Some other equipment that were used were solar compasses, compasses, and transit; the compass was used to determine the direction of a line while the solar compass is used to measure the direction and the latitude, this can be used to find the true north of a particular place. Later as time passed and technology advanced the wheel came into use, there were two types of wheel that came into use the electrical and mechanical, while they ran in different ways they both worked in similar ways by rolling from the start to the end point. As the 1900s rolled around 2 main new tools came into play the planimeter, which was used to measure asymmetrical land area and eliminated the need for charts and manual calculations. The second tool that became popular was the theodolites, which consists of a movable telescope on a movable perpendicular axis and was used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. Steel tapes were used in early America were used because they were significantly more accurate than the cha...
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...h tech tools that are now used a lot of the final measurements are determined by the human eye. In the Industrial Age surveying became very important to deal with taxes and this is where the two methods came into play because geodetic were effective for a large area and took the terrain into account which was helpful for maps but plane surveying was more helpful in equally dividing up the land. Surveying became even more prominent as population grew and construction began to expand surveying for roads and bridges to just collect data as travel began to increase and ensure that the establishments could handle the new load that the increased population could handle and thus the tools began to advance dramatically from rod measurement to GPS to give more detailed reading to get further intelligence on the ground and distance more accurately using the new equipment.
The invention of the GPS started with Dr. Ivan Getting leaving his position at Raytheon Company, and armed with the knowledge of what was at the time the most advanced navigational technology in the world, they began developing the Global Positioning System. He, Roger L. Easton, and Bradford Parkison began in the 60’s with a constellation of 24 satellites (placed in six orbital planes) orbiting the earth at a very high altitude (about
3. After the purchase of land (cookie) and equipment, the cookie was placed on the graph paper and its outline was traced. Then, the initial topography of the region was determined and recorded (Turn the cookie on its side and draw the side-view).
The radio revolutionised the way families spent time together and receive information. The movie theaters had an impact on how people forgot about the depression and made life seem better. Many homes in the 1920s also just got access to electricity while many homes were still lit by candle light, but became more prominent as the time period continued. Labor saving appliances of the 1920s made the household chores easy to accomplish than it used to be. The 1920s was enriched by many technological achievements that helped changed the way americans communicated, managed their health, and partook in leisurely activities.
The construction phase would not be possible without the knowledge of basic geometry. Points, lines, measurements and angles are often used to lay out the building in accordance to the architect drawings.
On the other hand Nile flooding caused some problems in landmarks. Simple geometry had to be found to keep the boarder and a simple system metric (invention of the nilometer) to study the Nile flow and flood every year. As the state grew and more complex religious and political systems started to emerge, the need for a system to record events and rituals was growing too.
"Upper Paleolithic Tool Technologies." Upper Paleolithic Tool Technologies. The Regents of The University of California, 22 July 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. .
...regarded GPS – an indispensable part of GIS. Discussions on cartographic principles, commercial GIS software programs, satellite images, aerial photos, and geodatabases are some of the other conspicuous omissions in this book. There is an inconsistency in the depth of topics explored; for example map projections are explored in great depth, while vector topology is merely glossed over. These omissions and inconsistencies would in my opinion make this book marginally less beneficial to all the three audiences together. However, there is something for all them; structure for engineers, equations for engineers and students, and GIS concepts for students, engineers and users. This book will therefore be undeniably valuable if used to complement the material in some of the other fundamental GIS books in the discipline. It has merits, but there is room for improvement.
GPS is a navigational aid that is satellite based. It is made up of a network of 24 satellites in orbit around the world. The first satellite was launched in 1978 and the last was put into orbit in 1994. Every 10 years another satellite is put into orbit because each satellite is made to last that amount of time. The system began as a military application but in the 1980’s the government decided to make it available to everyone, anywhere, anytime. The system finds your position by measuring the time it takes to receive the signal back to the satellite. It then does that with other satellites to triangulate your position in relation to the earth. To calculate a position in 2D the system has to be locked on to at least three satellites, but for a 3D representation you need to be locked on to at least 4 satellites. Once the position is found the GPS can calculate much more info like speed, bearing, track, distance, etc… The GPS system is very accurate; Garmin (a leader in GPS technology) states that their newest receiver is accurate up to an average of 15 meters.
Say for instance, a car leaves skid marks at the scene of a crime, due to leaving in a bit of a rush. Getting the precise measurement can help determine what type of car might have been involved. By using the equation v- k, where d= length of the skid marks and k= constant based on the car, and friction end of the road as well as v= velocity. If you’re at a crime scene and find a foot you would need to take measurements such as weight, length, and density to calculate how much the foot makes up of the body. Them from there is becomes easier to determine the height and weight of the female of male. ( Phil Williams/ Math and measurement)
Trigonometry is arty of science can be used to measure the height of mountain very easily. This is the basement information to aircraft designing and navigation, overly technical think the time last took a vacation at a hill station. In daily life medical conditions that prevent them from traveling to very large altitudes.
An oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument that is used to observe an electronic signal, typically voltage, as a function of time. In other words, it is a voltage versus time plotter. Oscilloscopes come in two basic types, analogue or digital, and support various features and functions useful for measuring and testing electronic circuits. An oscilloscope is a key piece of test equipment for any electronics designer.
Acceptable education for registration as a Land Surveyor with four years of experience is a degree of Bachelor of Science in Surveying or Engineering, including courses in land surveying, from an institution authorized by the Massachusetts Legislature or a degree of Bachelor of Science in Surveying or Engineering accredited by ABET (American Board of Engineering and Technology) including approved courses in land surveying. Education obtained outside of the United States may qualify if a complete description of the curriculum is presented and the Board or an agency qualified to evaluate foreign curricula finds it to be equivalent. Acceptable education for registration as a Land Surveyor with six years of experience is a degree of Bachelor of Science or Associate degree in Surveying or Civil Engineering Technology, including at least 12 credit hours in land surveying, or two years of formal education above high school level with at least 60 semester credit hours passed, 12 of which must be in land surveying courses approved by the Board.
Geographers plan new communities, decide where new highways should be placed, and establish evacuation plans. Computerized mapping and data analysis is known as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a new frontier in geography. Spatial data is gathered on a variety of subjects and input onto a computer. GIS users can create an infinite number of maps by requesting portions of the data to plot.
In the past, people have always tried their own ways of using daily measurements. It was needed and used for daily trade as well as further businesses. These things could only have been made if the people knew they were being fair and honest; hence, the reason that different measurements needed to exist. Many short distance measurements were based on the lengths of the human body. The width of a thumb was used to resemble the inch, which we used today in the English System of Measurements. The foot, which is twelve inches, was compared to the length of the human foot; however, today it is derived to be longer than most people’s feet. The yard, which is equal to three feet, was inferred to be the length from the tip of the nose, to the end of the middle finger when the arm and hand are extended. The Anglo Saxons of England measured these short differences in their own ways too. The length of three barleycorns was their length of the inch (it was very close to the modern length). Then in 1066, the Normans conquered England and brought back to England the Roman tradition of the twelve inch foot. During the reign of Henry I the foot became official and was engraved on the base of a column of St. Peter’s church in London (Rowlett, R. (2001). A dictionary of units of measurement. English customary weights and measures). He also arranged the yard to be established in England as well. Although, inches, feet, yards etc. measured shorter distances, miles were used to measure much longer distances. This mile was a Roman unit, which was primarily the length of 1,000 paces of a Roman legion. The “pace” was meant to be two steps, about five feet, which measured the mile to be roughly about 5,000 feet.
Engineer dates back to 1325 when an engine’er, someone who operates an engine, was referred to by a conductor as an engineer. (Ford)