HATSHEPSUT
Hatshepsut was the fifth pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty, she was considered the longest reigning female pharaoh who ruled for 20 years or more. Hatshepsut wasn’t originally destined to be pharaoh but due to her son Thutmose III not be of appropriate age to rule, Hatshepsut served as his co regent. During her ruling she was depicted in artworks wearing a kings kilt and crown, along with this a fake beard and a male figure.
“Whereas she had been represented as a woman in earlier statues and relief sculptures, after her coronation as king she appeared with male dress and gradually became represented with male physique. Her breasts did not show and she stood in a traditional man's posture rather than a woman's. Some reliefs were
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even re-carved to adjust her representation to appear more like a man” - Marc van de Mieroop RELIGION During the reign of Hatshepsut she furthered proved her legitimacy with reliefs on buildings, in these reliefs she was claiming that amun had sent an oracle which predicted her rise and success to power. Hatshepsut received the title of God’s wife of amun, she had received this title by assisting the high priest and the duties needed to be performed at the temple of Amun in Karnak. Hatshepsut was the only predecessors to strengthen the position and power of amun. She was considered the daughter of amun but she later changed to wife of amun. BUILDING PROGRAMS “As a ruler Hatshepsut inaugurated building projects that far outstripped those of her predecessors” Bryan writes.
– this quotes represents, Hatshepsut’s building programs further enhanced lower and upper Egypt, she changed Egypt for the better by creating buildings that were far beyond the time of the previous pharaohs.
Due to the large amounts of wealth flowing through Egypt it enabled Hatshepsut to begin restoring Egypt to its original state, this raised the calibre of Egypt’s architecture to a standard.
Hatshepsut initiated building programs that consisted of repairing temples, chapels and sanctuaries that were neglected due to Egypt being lead and controlled by the hysos. Temples such as temple of Hathor at Cusae, a temple for Min and the temple of Thoth at Hermopolis were restored during Hatshepsut’s
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reign. During her reign she launched several building programs, at the temple of Karnak she established a series of obelisks and built a palace that was called “palace of ma ’at” The palace walls were covered with brightly painted relief scenes of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III.
Her most significant and impressive building program was her mortuary temple that was built at Deir el-bahara. In the 19th century the temple was excavated due to this excavations, some shrines were found with a relief showing Hatshepsut “triumphing over her enemies” as a sphinx.
FOREIGN POLICY
During the reign of Hatshepsut, it was considered to be a long and mostly peaceful era. Due to the hysos ruling Egypt many relationships that were related to the import and export of Egyptian trade were lost, because of this Hatshepsut’s reign allowed her to enforce trade with foreign countries and restore the relationships that were lost.
The re-establishment of trade in Egypt it created a large amounts of wealth to gush back into Egypt, this enabled Hatshepsut to further improve Egypt and restore what was destroyed by the hysos.
Throughout the reign of Hatshepsut, she made many expeditions one in particular that remains her best attribute to Egypt is her expedition to
punt. The expedition to punt took place while Hatshepsut was a pharaoh, there is inscriptions in her temple that describe the journey that was made to punt Historian Barbara Watterson describes an inscription that is seen, the following is her description: “Five ships set out from a port on the Red Sea (possibly Quseir) to journey southwards to Suakin, where the expedition disembarked. The voyage had taken between 20 and 25 days, covering on average about 50 kilometres a day, with the ships hugging the coast rather than risk the dangerous deep water of the Red Sea. From Suakin, the route to Punt was overland through the Red Sea hills.” In the primary source above, it gives a short explanation about the expedition to punt and route that was used to reach punt. Although this source may not be depicted precisely, due to it being written in Egyptian in allows archaeologists and historians to have a deeper understanding on how the expedition took place. This voyage was highly significant in Hatshepsut’s reign as it allowed connections to be made with Egypt and meet the demands of the Egyptians desires. Due to the expedition to punt it created a great wealth for Egypt, goods such as ebony, wild animals, animal skin, elephant tusks, ivory, spices, precious wood, gold, myrrh trees and incense are some of the many things that were LEGACY during the examination of Hatshepsut’s corpse showed that she died roughly around her fifties from an abscess. Thutmose III, Hatshepsut’s stop son, who was meant to be pharaoh but due to his age became co regent with Hatshepsut, attempted to vanish all of Hatshepsut’s work in advancing Egypt’s economy, building programs and belief in religion . According to the culture of Egypt several archaeologists believe that the effort made to eliminate Hatshepsut from history was due to the culture and tradition in Egypt which enforced that although women may enjoy the higher status but were still classified as secondary compared to males. Through her careful manipulation of religious belief she was able to legitimize her rule but the success of her incredible reign is due entirely to her personal abilities as a leader who saw what needed to be done and was able to do it well.
These two statues are famous to the Egyptian art era. They represent the woman’s position and the man’s position at that day and age. Traditionally, the rulers of Egypt were male. So, when Hatshepsut, Dynasty 18, ca. 1473-1458 B.C., assumed the titles and functions of king she was portrayed in royal male costumes. Such representations were more for a political statement, rather than a reflection of the way she actually looked. In this sculpture, she sits upon a throne and wears the royal kilt and the striped nemes (NEM-iss) headdress with the uraeus (cobra) and is bare chested like a man. However, she does not wear the royal beard, and the proportions of her body are delicate and feminine.
Hatshepsut, declared herself king during the reign of her stepson and nephew, Thutmose III. She adopted the full titulary of a pharaoh, and since this was traditionally a man’s role, she wore the nemes-headcloth, the shendyt-kilt and a fake beard as part of the ceremonial attire of the Egyptian king. This is portrayed in her life-size statue “White Hatshepsut” at the MET.
Hatshepsut’s reign especially leaves much to the scholar’s speculation and interpretation since little evidence is left. The reader must acknowledge how an author’s views may be construed by sexism and other concepts prevalent in their time. What these five authors imply about Hatshepsut’s personality and attitude concerning her political ascent, her usage of propaganda, and her achievements during that time all differ from each other, some more drastically than others. This certainly shows that when one reads of history, their research should span as far as possible in order to most accurately inform themselves of what truly happened; it is from there that they can formulate the best
Before Hatshepsut, there were other woman who attempted to rule over Egypt. Every time a woman came to power, there was some sort of problem that was left for them to solve. Unlike Hatshepsut, the other woman did not have any confidence to name themselves pharaoh and they did not grow up in the royal family like Hatshepsut did. In paragraph 13, it states, “A few women had tried to rule Egypt before, but never would search valid claim to the throne,” and, “These women had not ruled long or well and neither had had the audacity to proclaim herself pharaoh.” These quotes explain that Hatshepsut was recognized for taking power at a good time and not stepping
Hatshepsut stands apart for her historical legacy as opposed to Cleopatra, “Egypt’s Cleopatra looms large more for her romantic exploits than her historical legacy. One Egyptian queen stands apart, however: Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt for some two decades at the beginning of the fifteenth century B.C. A strong and effective pharaoh, she oversaw a cultural renaissance that influenced the arts in Egypt for more than a millennium” (Roehrig and Dreyfus
The success of the king’s rule became based on the approval or rejection of the god Amun-Re. Thus, Amun was used as a platform for political propaganda, with pharaohs such as Hatshepsut and Thutmose III using the God to legitimise their claims to the throne, as evidenced for Thutmose III on the Temple of Tiraqa: ‘I have achieved this according to that which was ordained for me by my father, Amun-Re’. Concepts of the divine oracles and the divine birth of the king became a theme for pharaohs of the 19th dynasty, and afforded them heightened legitimacy. Hatshepsut’s divine birth scenes on her mortuary temple in Deir el Bahri depicts her claim to be the daughter of Amun, manipulating the public to believe in her divine birth. Additionally, Thutmose IV’s ‘dream stela” erected between the paws of the sphinx, which claimed that he had been granted the kingship because he had freed the monument according to instruction from gods. Some historians have dismissed these building projects, which consolidated the importance and authority of the state cult of Amun-Re as mere political propaganda. However, it is more the point that they reflect a significant change in the Egyptian political landscape, as it became dependent on and connected to the sustained pre-eminence of the cult of Amun-Re and the religious unity that eventuated. Therefore, the amun
The fundamental features of the Warrior Pharaoh image during New Kingdom Egypt included; leading his soldiers into battle and returning in victory, attacking the enemy in his horse-drawn chariot which was adopted from the Hyksos, wearing war regalia , larger than life expectations and finally offering the spoils of war to the god Amun, the inspiration of his victory. Due to the absence of the their pharaohs on military campaigns, the Queens began to play a more prominent role within the New Kingdom Egypt’s society, however this was a short term consequence of the civil war as it was only necessary when the Pharaoh left to go to war or on a campaign. The rise in roles and prominences amongst the Queen’s slowly decreased towards the end of the war until Hatshepsut comes into power. After this the Queen’s involvement seems to disappear and we begin to no longer hear about
Queen Hatshepsut was one of the most powerful females in Ancient Egyptian history. Not only was she the longest reigning female pharaoh in all of Egypt, but she made lasting impacts on the nation during and far after her reign. Although she was a woman, and this type of power had never been given to a woman before, she is considered one of Egypt's most successful pharaohs.
Robins, Gay. "The Names of Hatshepsut as King." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 85 (1999): 103-12. Jstore. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. .
Ancient Egypt is home to one of the greatest female pharaoh. Queen Hatshepsut. She was the first female pharaoh and did great things.
During the time of Ancient Egypt, having strong Pharaohs was essential to the maintenance and growth of the civilization, as the Pharaohs were believed to be living Gods. Although leadership of Ancient Egypt was often male dominated, there were admirable female Pharaohs who successfully gained power and left behind a positive legacy; one woman to achieve this was Hatshepsut, meaning ‘foremost of female nobles’. Her innovation and determination allowed her to maintain her position of Pharaoh for about twenty years (1479-1458 BCE). Hatshepsut was considered to be a very successful leader because of her confidence and ambition, magnificent building projects, and establishment of a strong trading network.
Was she the archetypal wicked stepmother, an unnatural and scheming woman ?of the most virile character who would deliberately abuse a position of trust to steal the throne from a defenceless child? (Gardiner, 1961:184)? Or was she ?an experienced and well-meaning woman who ruled amicably alongside her stepson, steering her country through twenty peaceful, prosperous years who deserves to be commemorated among the great monarchs of Egypt? (Budge, 1902:I)? According to biographer and historian Joyce Tyldesley, Queen or as she would prefer to be remembered, King Hatchepsut became the female embodiment of a male role, whose reign was a carefully balanced period of internal peace, foreign exploration and monument building (Tyldesley, 1996:1). This study will show that it was Hatshepsut the Pharaoh?s devotion to the god Amen and her protection of the maat of 18th Dynasty Egypt that allowed her to forge her successful New Kingdom regime.
Egypt developed a railway from Cairo to Alexandria as well as ports along the Mediterranean coast because of its dependence upon the European market. The structure of Egyptian politics and state administration was also redefined during Ali’s rule. As the government centralized, it required individuals specialized in Western forms of education to fill its roles of leadership.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Hatshepsut was a Queen in Egypt, born in about 1507 BC. She is eldest and only surviving daughter of King Thutmose I and his chief (main) wife, Ahmose. Among to the customs, she married to her half-brother which they had a daughter together. Her husband eventually died at young age, leaving an heir, his son with his minor wife, Thutmose III. Thutmose was too young to
This leads us to the structure of her body and how her body is depicted. As we know, King Hatshepsut is a female king who ruled during the eighteenth dynasty in Egypt. Though she was a female, she wears the regalia of a male. If you look at her chest she is depicted without female breasts. Since kingship was more known as a male office this could reason why the breast is not shown. Even though her portrait shows a lot of things a male king would be visualized as, her body is slightly different from male kings. The structure of her body is a lot smoother and feminine rather than the muscular young man body type that is depicted in many other portraits of other