I have elected to transcribe my proposal argument on issues regarding cancer chemoprevention. I selected this topic because reasonably minute devotion has been given to cancer chemoprevention research in ethical writings, particularly in relation to the huge quantity of moral studies in cancer treatment exploration. Cancer chemoprevention trials test the ability and care of medicinal agents in averting cancer before its manifestation. I believe that phase III chemoprevention issues can be less prevalent by simply ensuring enhanced communication and etiquette between researchers and investigators.
Chemoprevention requires treatments that are administered to presumably healthy, asymptomatic subjects who do not have cancer, but do have risk factors associated with an increased probability to cultivate the cancer which the experimental intervention is theorized to condense. So, chemoprevention research involves at-risk research subjects who are neither patients diagnosed with disease, as in treatment trials, or typical healthy volunteers. There is a growing interest and investment in research on cancer chemoprevention. Several major cancer chemoprevention trials have been conducted in the United States, including trials testing the effectiveness of tamoxifen, both alone and later compared to raloxitene, to prevent primary invasive breast cancer; finasteride to prevent prostate cancer; and beta-carotene to prevent lung cancer.
While both cancer treatment and chemoprevention trials involve agents that can cause side effects in individuals, chemoprevention trials diverge from treatment trials with respect to the unit of potential benefit. In trials of cancer treatment or of “adjuvant therapies” (secondary prevention), subjects either hav...
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To sum things up, the ethical demeanor of research involves respect for the safety and rights of subjects during the sequence of the trial. This includes protecting privacy and confidentiality, monitoring the condition of research subjects to assure their safety, terminating study participation in the case of hostile events, and notifying enrolled subjects about new risks, benefits, or other information that may bear upon subjects’ decisions to continue enrollment in the research. As new evidence shows itself, trial investigators and data safety monitoring boards (DSMBs) can alter the study plan, initiate notice of enrolled subjects, make changes to the informed consent policies, or stop the trials earlier than intended. Investigators should soon classify a technique for ensuring effective communication between the IRB and DSMB throughout these studies.
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Introduction During the process of research, professionals collect data or identifiable private information through intervention or interaction. While this is a vital part of the scientific and medical fields, every precaution must be taken by researchers to protect the participants' rights. Ethics, outlined by the Belmont report; requirements, described by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS); and regulations, laid out by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are verified by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). This procedure ensures that all human rights are safeguarded during the entire research process. The Institutional Review Board The IRB is an administrative body which has been established to make sure research participants' rights are protected.
Cancer. The word by itself can conjure images of severely ill and frail people attached to IV medications and chemotherapy drugs as they cling to life in a hospital bed. Other illustrations and pictures depict unrecognizable, misshaped organs affected by abnormal cells that grow out of control, spread, and invade other parts of the body. Cancer studies show that close to one-half of all men and one-third of all women in the United States will be diagnosed with cancer during their lives. Today, millions of people are living with cancer or have had cancer. As patients are newly diagnosed with their specific type of cancer, whether it be breast, lung, prostate, skin, or blood cancer, etc., each patient has to consider what will happen with their future health care plan and who will be involved in their long journey from treatment to recovery. Once diagnosed, cancer patients become the focal point and the center of all activity in terms of care but cancer not only physically invades the patient’s body and well-being, it goes beyond the patient and significantly affects the emotional stability and support from from their loved ones and caregivers. Based on the insidious nature of cancer and typically late detection of malignant diseases, family members (either spouses, children, parents, other relatives, and friends) often become the patient's main caregiver. These caregivers, also known as informal caregivers, provide the cancer patient with the majority of the support outside of the medical facility or hospital environment and become the primary person to provide various types of assistance. They provide the physical support with bathing and assisting in activities of daily living, they become emotional ...
The Phase I trial will be discussed here as it pertains to the topic at hand. The typical treatment for cervical cancer if surgery is not a viable option – like if the cancer has spread, then called locally advanced cervical cancer – is chemotherapy and radiation treatment at the same time. This phase I clinical trial is simply looking to add ipilimumab to this regimen, but once the chemo/radiation has been completed (LACC article). Chemo and radiation destroy tumor cells, which causes tumor-associated antigens to be released. Once released, these antigens are exogenous (outside the cell) and will be presented to helper T cells to initiate an immune response.
By participating in these sessions, I learned the importance of IRBs in protecting human subjects from any physical or psychological harm as well as protecting the investigators from falling into legal and ethical problems which might affect their reputation and future carrier. Taking decision sometimes is complicated and required weighing risk-benefit in an attempt to determine whether
I believe my thesis statement is argumentative because, not all States allow for a patient to choose what form of drug they can use to relieve pain, nausea, sleep and eating problems while on Chemo and Radiation therapy. There are many studies that have prove how the use of smoking or vaporized (inhale) have help Cancer patients have a more enjoyable
Cancer patients often wonder if going through treatments like chemotherapy and radiation are worth the risk of the side effects, in addition to the cancerous side effects. They feel that they can’t enjoy or relax in what a short amount of time they have left because they are bedridden from the nausea and pain that treatments put them through. Patients tell their loved ones to just let them die so long as they don’t have to go through any more pain. Those who are too old, are unable to recover from the effects, or are just too far in the grips of cancer, should refuse the more harsh treatments like chemo and radiation. On the positive side, refusing treatments after a certain point can save their families from the stress and cost of hospital bills. If caught early enough, patients can opt for safer and easier routes to getting rid of cancer like surgery or by doing a stem cell transplant.
Chemo is best-known for its difficult side effects. Some of the short term side effects of chemo may include hair loss, bad appetite, nausea, vomiting, and mouth sores. A person who is on chemo is more susceptible to infections, bruising, can bleed more easily, and may feel weak or tired. The side effects occur because chemo kills the rapidly dividing cells. Cancer cells may divide fast, but so do some of the healthy cells. Which can include those in hair roots, the digestive track, and the blood. The side effects the chemo may very based upon the specific drug that the patient is taking, and the dosages. The person being treated also helps to very the side effects, because everybody reacts to the drugs differently. Some people may have little
The first article is entitled “of mice but not men: problems of randomized clinical trials,” is written by Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman discusses the issues of randomized medical testing and experiments on patients. The article describes the role of the personal physician and how the physician can take an ethical or unethical path of treating his/her patients. The relationship between the patient and physician is greatly emphasized because according to the article trust is very valuable in medicine especially when a patient’s life is at risk. A Kantian and a Utilitarian view of randomized clinical trials are debated but the authors clearly steers towards a Kantian point of view.
In 1974 the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research worked in establishing a set of ethical guidelines, called the National Research Act, in which those performing research are to follow (Office for Human Research Protections, 2016). This Belmont review while not only helping to establish a set of ethical principles it also discussed the way in which this can be correctly applied. As a whole it addresses three main areas. These include the boundaries between practice and research, basic ethical principles including respect for persons, beneficence and justice and lastly their applications which consists of informed consent, risk versus benefit and the selection of research participants (Office for Human Research Protections,
Weiner, B. J., Lewis, M. A., Clauser, S. B., & Stitzenberg, K. B. (2012). In search of synergy: strategies for combining interventions at multiple levels. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs, 2012(44),
I hope to develop the career of an academic oncologist and the aspect that has captivated me the most is that of drug development. Any major change in oncology, at least for medical oncologists involves the invention and discoveries of new drugs and every single one of these has to be tested in the setting of a phase I trial. In order to develop a successful career as an academic oncologist, one needs to be able to conduct well-designed clinical trials and to be able to publish reproducible respected genuine papers. I also strongly feel that quality is more important than quantity in terms of final outcome of all the efforts and work. I hope to be working in this field in the future and be able to carry out my ideas and implement the same and in the process make some contribution in the care of the cancer patient.
Research are conducted daily in the society to solve problems hence an ethical committee is needed to guide this research process and to ensure that patient's life is not placed at risk. Before they give an approval for a research they weigh the risk and benefits and can only give their approval when the benefits outweigh the risks. APPLICATION TO CURRENT
... obtained regardless of being negative or positive should be published openly. Moreover liable for the ethical aspects of the study are not only the physicians but also the editors and the publishers. Increasing the liability in all individuals involved in the implementation and publication of the study decreases the possibility of a study that does not take into account all the ethical aspects will be conducted. Finally the 2013 declaration gives the ethical possibility to the physician to use an unproven method if he believes that this will be for the benefit of the patient and after the informed consent is given.
Even though it can be effective in reducing the size of a tumor, patients should not choose chemotherapy as their first treatment to fight against cancer without proper knowledge
In addition I will make sure that IRB will have all of my information about my study and the participants and also the consent process. This will make the research process easier and it will ensure that the confidentiality of the participants and everyone involved will be protected at all cost. I will also keep in mind that dishonesty includes fabrication and falsification, faulty data gathering, misleading authorship as well as sneaky publication practices.