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Gender equality in athletics
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Gender equality in athletics
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Introduction
This experiment was completed in order to compare calf circumference as well as gender, weight, and jump height. If a person has larger calves, then they will likely be capable of reaching a higher vertical height. It can also be shown that if the person is a male, then they will be able to jump higher. A larger calf circumference is more likely to reflect a high vertical jump due to the fact that the fat content of the calves in the experiment was accounted for, therefore a large calf measurement in this experiment means a muscular calf. It is common knowledge that more muscle will result in stronger legs leading to a higher vertical. While it is believed that males are bigger, faster, and stronger, this leads us to believe that they can also jump higher. Males tend to have stronger muscles at nearly all points in life(Burr, 1997). That being said, the aforementioned hypotheses can be expected to be true because males are likely to have larger, and therefore stronger, calves. It can also be expected that males will display a higher vertical jump(Caruso, 2012).
Materials and Methods
In order to begin this lab procedure, the class was first split into lab groups of four. A meter measuring tape was then obtained from the lab materials. One member of the lab group sat on the edge of the table and the other members took turns measuring the circumference in centimeters at the widest part of the calf. The measure was taken by each lab member and recorded in a table. This step was repeated for each lab member in order to gain enough information for the data to be significant. After obtaining the circumference of each group members’ calf, a caliper was used to take the skin-fold thickness on the inside of the lab member’s ...
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...Circumference(Females)—Figure four displays the comparison of vertical jump to calf circumference measurement in the female data. Calf circumference versus jump height in females is shown to have a negative correlation.
Figure 5. Range of Vertical Jumps—This figure shows the range of vertical jumps in the males and females and compares the two. The males and females vertical jump height ranges overlap, however, the females display a much wider range of numbers for vertical jump.
Figure 6. Ratio of Male Weight to Calf Circumference and Jump Height—When compared, the ratio of weight to calf circumference and the jump height in males result in a negative correlation.
Figure 7. Ratio of Female Weight to Calf Circumference and Jump Height—When compared, the ratio of weight to calf circumference and the jump height in females result in a negative correlation.
Although the scientific use of anthropometrics in not abused in modern day society, scientists still incorrectly draw conclusions from data and statistics. Many statically fallacies occur where scientists will try and bend the statistics to prove their own personal opinion. For example, a scientist may deem his new invention or product to be 100% successful, but it could have only been tested 5 times. Even though the abuse of anthropometrics has been abandoned, scientific data abuse is still apparent in modern day
There are a few reasons that support this finding. First, females tend to have an imbalance in the strength ratio between their hamstrings and quadriceps. While slowing down from a sprint, females use their quadricep muscle. This results in an instability in the knee. A male athlete is more likely to use their hamstring to slow down instead of their quadricep. The hamstring is a muscle behind the femur and the quadricep is the muscle in front of the femur. The slight difference in technique is what gives the ligaments of the knee the protection they need.
•Controlled variable- amount of time exercising and resting, number of trials, type of exercise, same type of clothespin , intensity of the exercise, and the age of test subjects
This experiment was completed in order to compare calf circumference as well as weight to jump height. If a person has larger calves then they will likely be capable of reaching a higher vertical height. It can also be shown that since males tend to have larger calves, they can jump higher. A larger calf circumference is more likely to reflect a high vertical jump due to the fact that the fat content of the calves in the experiment was accounted for, therefore a large calf measurement in this experiment means a muscular calf. It is common knowledge that more muscle will result in stronger legs leading to a higher vertical.
Trotter, M., Gleser G.C. 1958. A Re-Evaluation of Estimation of Stature Based on Measurements of Stature Taken During Life and of Long Bones After Death. American Journal of Anthropology 16 (1): 79-123.
Throughout literature countermovement jumps (CMJ) are seen to be higher in contrast to squat jumps (SJ) (Bobbert et al. 1996; Kubo et al. 1999; Bobbert et al. 2005). However present literature regarding the key potential mechanisms behind why greater muscle forces are seen accelerating the body upwards in CMJ in comparison to SJ is somewhat unclear. A CMJ can be defined as a positioning starting upright, beginning the descending motion in advance of the upward motion in contrast to a SJ where the start position is squatted with no preparatory countermovement (Akl 2013). The higher jump heights seen in CMJ in comparison to SJ are apparent even if at the start of propulsion phase the body configuration is identical (Bobbert et al. 1996). In past literature three main mechanisms have looked to provide an explanation for the greater muscle forces seen in CMJ than the SJ. The first plausible theory is that the muscle stretch in CMJ increases the production of force capability of the contractile machinery (Edman et al. 1978; Ettema et al. 1992; Herzog et al. 2003). Secondly the assumption that the muscle fibres are on the descending limb of their force–length relationship at the start of propulsion in the CMJ and SJ, however in CMJ the stretching of a chain of elastic components, they are not as far past optimum length therefore allowing a greater force over the initial phase of their shortening range, with the stretching of sequences of elastic components, this then causes the storage of elastic energy that is then reutilized in the propulsion phase (Ettema et al. 1992). The final explan...
In the world of news reporting correlation often times gets reported as causation. This is not the case, since correlation inherently by definition requires further testing to show causality. These articles all refer to a different variable that shows correlation with weight gain or loss. It is our job to question all statistical statements made by our news. The articles we will study are "The Link Between Sleep and Weight", "Why Going to Church Can Make You Fat", and "Why Having Kids Is Bad for Your Health".
Arnheim D, & Prentice W, Essentials of Athletic Training (2002) 5th Ed. Chapter 23, pp518-519. New York.
World Archaeology, 31:3:329-350. Mitani, J.C. et al 1996 Sexual Dimorphism, the Operational Sex Ratio, and the Intensity of Male Competition in Polygamous Primates. The American Naturalist, 147:6:966-980. Rogers, Alan R. and Arindam Mukherjee 1992 Quantitative Genetics of Sexual Dimorphism in Human Body Size.
Sewall, R., et al. Strength Development in Children. (abstract). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 16:158. 1984.
Gabboth, Tim. "Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). Feb2012, Vol. 26 Issue 2, P487-491. 5p." N.p., n.d. Web.
A simple formula may be used which gives a correlation to the 95th percentile of BP for the 50th percentile for height up to 16 years of age.[7]
Many factors can influence the results of testing this hypothesis. All variables have been controlled except for the variable gender. Both the male and female subjects are close in age (< two years difference), both are nonsmokers, both possess small body builds for their respective gender, and both have no debilitating medical conditions (e.g., asthma, diabetes, heart condition). Controlling these factors allowed for the testing of the hypothesis, which is focused strictly on gender.
“Fibroblast responses to variation in soft tissue mobilization pressure.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. April 1999: 531-5. Hargrove, Eugene C., ed. Animal Rights/Environmental Ethics Debate, Inc. Environmental Perspective.
The skin folds for triceps, iliac crest, and thigh are 21mm, 34 mm, and 19mm respectably, giving a sum of 74 mm. Using the sum of skin folds (mm) and current age (19), the percent body fat...