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Papers on body dysmorphic disorder
Psychological impact on body dysmorphic disorder
Papers on body dysmorphic disorder
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a serious disease affecting many people. Some people are unaware of having this disease, and even more know they have it and are too scared to speak up and get the treatment they need. BDD has been reported in many countries around the world, including the U.S.A, Canada, Australlia, Eastern and Western Europe, China, Japan, and South America (Phillips). Imagine you are suffering from BDD. Everytime you look in the mirror, see your friends, when you are getting ready, when you see your friends, or when you see someone on television or in a magazine, you compare yourself and think about how ugly you are. This is not just thinking you look bad, or you wish you had a better face, or smaller eyes, this is a serious …show more content…
If you have it, you may be upset about the appearance of your body that it gets in the way of your ability to live normally. Your reaction to the flaw would be overwhelming (Nelson). Many people with BDD can go to work or school, but are distracted because of their thoughts about their body and may fall behind with their work. BDD affects: both men and women, people of all ages, and people from all around the world. They might stop eating or not eat enough to “look right.” BDD was first described in 1886 by Italian psychiatrist Enrico Morselli. He initially called the disorder dysmorphophobia. He reported that his patients experienced sudden fears and painful desperation. Over the years, BDD had attracted the attention of some of the most noteworthy figures in psychology. In 1901, Emil Kraepelin described it as a mental malfunction leading to beauty based hypochondriasis. Also, Sigmund Freud encountered the disorder while treating a patient in the 1930’s. Freud described the patient as being so preoccupied with his nose that he was unable to function outside of his obsessive thoughts (Costa). Although people noticed BDD, they didn’t know how it started until
Body Dysmorphia is a mental illness in which you can’t stop thinking about the flaws in your appearance. According to a health video the body dysmorphia preoccupation could be either minor or non-existence at all but still be considered body dysmorphia.. When a person has body Dysmorphia they are constantly obsessed over there appearance or body image. The flaws could cause you significant distress and impacts the ability to function your daily life. People with body Dysmorphia try could try many cosmetic procedures, but will never be satisfied.
According to the DSM-5, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined as having “...preoccupation with one or more
Body image has primarily been a problem for females. Recently, however, this view has opened up and has been seen in males. While women fixate on looking thin and slim, men’s obsessions are on the opposite spectrum, where guys want to be big, thick, and muscular. First known as "reverse anorexia", and now properly called muscle dysmorphia this obsessive compulsive disorder makes individuals believe that they are small and muscularly undeveloped and meanwhile they are moderately or highly muscular. This disorder is mostly seen in males and is rather unhealthy because it raises potential for self-esteem issues, steroid abuse, anti-social attitude, stress, over-meticulous diets and workout plans, and in worst case scenarios, suicide. In our society ideal body image for males has been put up to an impossible pedestal and the examples for the perfect physique are worsened by media causing this disorder to grow even further.
The Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for the functions of the body that are not thought about to control. When this system dysfunctions, it can cause havoc on the human body. One example of this would be Dysautonomia. Dysautonomia is a rare but serious disease that affects the autonomic nervous system, has many symptoms, and offers few treatment options.
“The mass audience doesn't want to see you if you aren't perfect. If you don't look a certain way, if you don't have big pecs and great skin and the perfect eyes. And it's unfortunate, because kids are growing up with body image dysmorphia because not everyone is represented on the screen” (Chris Pine). The media brings us many good things like news and the latest trends in fashion, but it also can have negative effects on us. Such as how it makes us view ourselves. How can the pressure of body image from the media be eliminated?
Over the years the rise in body image dissatisfaction has grown as both male and female progress to adulthood. This factor can be contributed to societal standards that the media presents to the public daily. These standards continue to rise making the body image more difficult to attain. With these standards comes the push to seek the “perfect body”. This myth of true beauty commonly found in today’s society, is the price that adolescents buy into often sacrificing their health. The perfect body can often present a distorted view of one-self leading to unhealthy methods of weight reduction. The most common methods for weight reduction are the diseases Anorexia and Bulimia. The similarities and differences between Anorexia and Bulimia will be used to prove that the society’s pressure to fit a certain mold contribute to the onset of the disease.
Veale, D., Gournay, K., Dryden, W., Boocock, A., Shah, F., Willson, R., & Walburn, J., (1996). Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioural Model and Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 717-729.
Before understanding the effects of body image on contemporary women, one must first comprehend the term that is body image. According to Psychology Today’s definition, “body image is the mental representation one has for themselves. It is the way one sees their physical body. However, this mental representation may or may not always be accurate.
The way a person see’s oneself and imagines what they look like is one’s body image. One can either have a positive or negative connotation regarding their own body appearance. A positive body image means that most of the time one is comfortable and satisfied about the way they appear. In a sense, that means they feel good about the way they see themselves in mirrors or pictures. Having a negative body image is a common struggle for individuals. This means they are unhappy with their physical appearance and constantly want to change something about him or herself. Negative body image leads to serious mental problems such as anorexia or bulimia. Not only do we have a personal view on our body image, but society also has an input. Society
People now a days have a problem with the way they appear. For hundreds of years, people, especially females, have been concerned with their weight, the way they look, and the way people perceive them. In the article, Do You Have a Body Image Problem? author Dr. Katharine A. Phillips discusses the concerns with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Dr. Phillips uses her knowledge or ethics to discuss the effects that BDD has on people today. She also uses emotion to show the reader how people are seriously affected by this disorder. In Dr. Phillips article, she discusses how people are emotionally and socially affected by the body dysmorphic disorder, and how society is also affected by it.
There may be murmurs about that girl who only fixes herself a salad with only vinegar at dining services or suspicious glances at someone who spends 45 minutes on the treadmill and then switches to the stair stepper at the rec. On-campus eating disorders are talked about everywhere and yet are not really talked about at all. There is observation, concern, and gossip, but hushed conversation and larger scale efforts to help and change never seem to earn public attention.
Body image, according to Webster’s dictionary is a subjective picture of one’s own physical appearance established both by self-observation and by noting the reactions of others. Body image refers to people’s judgment about their own bodies and it is molded as people compare themselves to others. Since people are exposed to numerous media images, these media images become the foundation for some of these comparisons. When people’s judgment tell them that their bodies are subpar, they can suffer from low self-esteem, can become depressed or develop mental or eating disorders.
Additionally, her unhappy thoughts of regarding her being a mermaid and wishing to be human is a clear sign of BBD due to her clear obsession searching and collecting human objects to ease her dissatisfaction with her lack of legs and life under the sea. It has been stated that BDD has obsessive-compulsive features that are quite similar to those of OCD, and a recent study found that 24% of those with BDD also had OCD with the most significant link between them being the cyclical process by which the symptoms of both increased due to the compulsive and avoidant behaviors that individuals employ in an effort to reduce their anxiety actually reinforce and worsen their obsessions (OCD Center of Los Angeles, 2016).
A case study found that Chris, a sixteen year old male, suffering from BDD displayed both classical and operant conditioning. He grew up in a family that stressed physical appearance, which was a modeled behavior. At sixteen, Chris broke his nose playing and after the following surgery, he became very anxious about his nose and its appearance. This eventually caused him to retreat from society (Neziroglu & Mancusi, 2012). This study explored both the classical and operant conditioning involved with the development of Chris’s BDD, and later how to help Chris unlearn the behaviors. Neziroglu and Mancusi (2012) report that, “After Chris’s surgery, he began to feel differently about his appearance. The change in his appearance (broken nose), the pain and discomfort from the surgery became associated with disgust and anxiety. His nose then became associated with these negative mood states” (p. 152). The authors explain that this is a form of classical conditioning, in which over time the associations that Chris made from his appearance and pain from the surgery became linked with disgust. This behavior was created by long term emphasis placed on appearance; therefore, when that appearance changed the disorder developed in response to this new stimuli. Chris also experienced operant conditioning via negative reinforcement due to feelings of shame
Body dysmorphic is a mental disorder characterized by an obsessive preoccupation that some aspect of one’s own appearance is severely flowed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it.