Only known by her pseudonyms, Yolanda, and more popularly, Ana Maria; Ana Maria is a Tzotzil, born in Sabanilla, Chiapas in 1969, who dedicated her whole life to became infantry major of the EZLN (Zapatista National Liberation Army). Tzotzil are an indigenous, Mayan people, who make up the largest amount of people in Chiapas. Ana Maria was raised to protest for indigenous autonomy and land reform with her family. Since the liberation of Mexico, land reform has been a reoccurring issue of revolution one result being Emilio Zapata ensuring the safeguarding of Indian communal land. The situation in Chiapas for indigenous families and farmers had gotten desperate. With most indigenous farmers losing their jobs after the fall of the coffee market, and an influx of Mayan farmers from Guatemala and El Salvador adding to their homeless problem; Ana Maria tried to bring attention to issues (Machado).
Since she was eight years old, Ana Maria had been politically active raising awareness about land reform, lack of schools and lack of healthcare in Chiapas, also becoming a nurse in her hometown. Her goals were to be published at the
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national level and then the international level. Ana Maria thus started talking to other indigenous people and organized legally. She organized marches, meetings at local municipal palaces, the Government Palace and even the National Palace of Mexico. She had struggled with the Mexican government to get hospitals and schools put in place in Chiapas but instead got abandoned buildings with no doctors, teachers, medical or educational supplies. It was at the age of fourteen that Ana Maria joined others in forming the EZLN in December 1984, totaling eight people; of which only two were women (Machado). With the EZLN, Ana Maria learned to read and write, then taught tactics and combat. She excelled at guerrilla training and became a recruiter in northern Chiapas. Part of her grassroots organizing was to go house to house and ask people what they needed. Ana Maria and supporters attempted to peacefully reclaim land from land owners for those who actually worked the land, building communities for indigenous people there. After the Mexican government set these communities on fire, the EZLN began taking up arms. Two years later, local campaigning got the EZLN attention and they were invited into communities for it's first talks with indigenous leaders. Ana Maria inspired not just men but whole families into the movement by being a high ranking officer while still being a teenager. In 1987, at the age of nineteen, she marries sub commander Marcos, one of the founding members of the EZLN and her earlier trainer in the rebellion (Parkins). She continued with land takeovers for communities and formed different bases in indigenous communities.
In 1989 the EZLN had over 1,300 members, thirty percent of which were women. Ana Maria encouraged young women to join as insurgents or militia of the EZLN and if not, to become part of the bases, which were collectives that supported the EZLN by providing food, activism, and supplies. In an interview about her influence in the EZLN, Ana Maria says, “They saw that I was a woman, and they saw that women can also do things. Women started to get together and organize themselves, and they started to join the ranks of the Army. And then other women did not join, but organized themselves into women's groups, women alone” (Machado). Major Ana Maria made women a key part of the EZLN by going town to town asking women what they want from the
EZLN. With growing support power of the EZLN Ana Maria and the collective leadership of twenty-three commanders made the Clandestine indigenous Revolutionary Committee- General Command (CCRI-CG) and made Sub commander Marcos the voice of the movement. Major Ana Maria and Commander Ramona of the CCRI-CG published the Revolutionary Women's Law in 1993 based off of the results of data collected from indigenous women around Chiapas. These laws were meant to allow women self-determination and equality in the EZLN, at home, and in society. Ana Maria has personally seen how indigenous people are all exploited but how women are more harshly affected by these exploits because of indigenous traditions as well. The EZLN is recognized as a major women's group (Don't Abandon Us!). In 1992, President Salinas of the PRI party reformed article 27 of the Mexican constitution, allowing for the privatization of communal agricultural land. The CCRI-CG of the EZLN knew this reform to be the end of the indigenous peasant since the indigenous people did not own any land themselves. What made matters wore was the introduction of NAFTA. NAFTA, the free trade agreement between the US, Mexico, and Canada, would lower tariffs on US imports, crashing the corn industry in Mexico since Mexico could not compete with American prices of corn. It was with this that the CCRI-CG approved an EZLN offensive attack (Enlace Zapatista). The attack was made the same day the NAFTA went into effect. ON January 1st, 1994, three thousand members of the EZLN declared war on the Mexican government, occupying six large towns and hundreds of ranches and acres of private land. Major Ana Maria led the most famous attack on San Cristobal de las Casas. At the young age of 25, she successfully took over the second largest city in Chiapas with no human losses. Ana Maria takes over the radios, newspapers, and television studios to tell the Zapatista community that the had a success (Enlace Zapatista). After 12 days of fighting the Mexican government and a hundred and fifty deaths, both sides agreed to a cease fire and open peace talks called the February Dialogue. Ana Maria is one of few leaders of the EZLN who participate in these talks. She describes the EZLN as a political body of troops that help communities and declares their goals as indigenous autonomy. The Mexican government only wanted to meet the Women's Law half way and so the peace treaty is rejected (Terry Wolfwood). After a consensus, the EZLN chooses to open dialogue with civil society instead of attacking. The EZLN announced autonomy for 38 indigenous municipalities and today continues a low intensity war against the Mexican government in Chiapas. Ana Maria remained under radar for several years after this in order to avoid arrest and torture by the Mexican government. The Mexican government over the next few years tries to find CCRI-CG leaders, in the process killing civilians, mostly women and children. Public outcry stopped government interference and EZLN forces expelled PRI party members from rebel territory without the use of violence (Enlace Zapatista). In 2003, Major Ana Maria and the CCRI-CG mobilize more than 20,000 Zapatistas, their largest demonstration at the time, to announce the formulation of Carocoles (autonomous communites) and meeting of Buen Gobierno (Good Government); taking over a third of Chiapas and closing communities to those not Zapatistas. She does this stating that the situation has not changed with the PAN party in charge. Ana Maria, now 47, is part of Buen Gobierno promoting healthcare for the communities and support from people around the world (Clandestine Revolutionary Indigenous Committee). Ana Maria showed that women can be leaders too. She had a major impact on fighting land reform, rape, and indigenous hate as a leader of the EZLN for 31 years. She helped raise awareness of the repression faced by indigenous people for 500 years. Ana Maria has given hope to thousands of indigenous women who before only had being sold for marriage and homemaking to look forward too. Zapatisa territory has the lowest rate of domestic abuse in all of Mexico and adheres to the Women's Law (LILES). EZLN land is now self-sufficient with a branch in healthcare, armaments, administration, and management (LILES). Ana Maria helps the political branch of the EZLN the FZLN, Zapatista Front of National Liberation. The EZLN has helped other marginalized communites come to the forefront of politics in Mexico. Support for women's collectives inspire femaile activists in and out of Chiapas. Thousands of members under Ana Maria's and her husband Marcos' command continue to march at anti-Peña rallies, teacher protests, for the missing students kidnapped by police, and were even at the meeting between Presidents Obama and Peña Nieto (Decordoba).
This website is sponsored by Sonoma State University Library in Rohnert Park, California. This page of the website is a capsule biography of Maria Ygnacia Lopez de Carrillo, who in 1837 began construction on her adobe, which still stands in Santa Rosa today. The biography begins in 1793 with Carrillo’s birth in San Diego, and continues throughout prominent life events such as the Mexican American War, moving between her adobe and San Diego, the Bear Flag Revolt, her death in 1849, and when in 1997 a high school was constructed across the street from her adobe which was named Maria Carrillo High School.
"I am a positive person, I never think of the glass as half empty. I just keep pushing forward" Rosie Perez the proud woman who declared this quote is a person who overcame many obstacles and difficulties to bring success in her life, despite her many hardships and traumatizing past.
Caetlin Asher Spanish 325 10 March 2017 Lack of Separation Between the Church and State The separation between state and Church has been a controversial issue for decades. In the movie “Mar Adentro”, this separation between Church and state, or lack thereof, is brought to attention through the court battle between the state and Ramón Sampedro. Ramón Sampedro was a sailor who became a quadriplegic during an accident diving into the ocean water causing a permanent spinal cord injury leaving him paralyzed. Over twenty years of being paralyzed from the neck down, Ramón decides to receive legal permission to end his life through assisted suicide, specifically Euthanasia.
However, it wasn’t an effortless process for these women to gain respect. These women experienced sexism and were often discredited for their work. During the El Salvadoran Civil War, sexism was prominent. The women working in groups such as the FMLN were trying to change these perceptions, and create a more equal life for the women in El Salvador. Although sexism was still very common, the FMLN and the women involved were working very hard and their contributions were beginning to be noticed.
With these two organizations, the purpose of these commitments was to improve the standards of health and access to healthcare services for everyone. Promotion of the professional growth and development of all nurses included economic issues, working conditions, and independence of practice. She joined the state organization and through the state organization she was indirectly a member of the ANA and now it has just been proposed that a nurse can join the ANA without going through the state first. The ANA establishes and continually update standards of nursing practice (Catalano, 2009). The ANA hall of fame decided to honor her and other nurses whose achievements and dedication affected the nursing
Various socioeconomic classes of women were targeted by wartime propaganda mobilizing them to “do their part”. Customarily, single women of the lower and middle classes were recruited into the...
The year is 1916, the location is Merida, Yucatan. At this time, Salvador Alvarado was governor of Yucatan and believed that “women’s emancipation an integral part of Mexico’s overall revolutionary goals of elevating oppressed peoples” (76). Alvarado was a socialist that had some radical ideals. He and constitutional leader Venustiano Carranza believed women should be educated, they wanted to educate women only to become teachers. They portrayed to help women but this help only pigeon holed them.
Thesis: Her experience as a member of the lower class who overcame poverty and her belief in bringing justice to the poor made everything that she did for the people of Argentina possible. I. Taking action A. Collections for the needy B. The Secretariat II. Continuing the action A.
Selena Quintanilla Perez was one of the most famous Mexican-American singers. At a young age she was taught how to sing and perform. Her Father was apart of a group when he was younger called Los Dinos. He thought that it would be a good idea to create a singing group involving his children. At first the kids weren't sure about doing it but once they started to perform in front of people they started to get more comfortable. Their group was called Selena en Los Dinos. As Selena and her siblings got older they started to become more and more famous ever show they did. Finally Selena won many awards and she was considered one of the most famous female Mexican-American singers ever.
Frida Kahlo is well known for her unibrow and mustache duo. Most of her paintings are self-portraits and include her with her famous facial hair. However, Frida was much more than what people saw in her self-portraits. She had a horrific past and went through many tragic accidents. Kahlo was riding in a Mexican bus that collided with a trolley car, sending a metal handrail into her abdomen and forever changing her life. But, her life turned for the worse before then. In 1913, at the age of 6, Frida contracted polio, which left her right foot crippled and earned her the cruel nickname “Peg-leg Frida.” This started her journey of illnesses and horrific accidents. Over the following years, she suffered multiple miscarriages, extreme fatigue and
Have you ever wanted to pursue more than one career or degree? Ever wondered why everyone usually only goes after one occupation; what’s stopping you not to do the same? Pop-star, Christina Aguilera, pursued a multitude of professions as an actress, American singer, songwriter, and television personality. The following helped Christina Aguilera to achieve the good-life: her rough early life before her fame, the right genre to fame, as well as her unique high pitch voice.
One of the most complicated aspects of parenthood is learning how to calm down an upset or anxious child. Sometimes it is a matter of feeding them, rocking them to bed, or something very similar. However, for Isabella Jimenez’s family, the remedy for her when she was feeling feisty was to set her down in front of her older brother’s soccer game and let the calm come over her as she was consumed by the game.
You are walking out of your dressing room to the stage set up in the middle of the Astrodome for your final performance. The crowd is cheering your name because you captured their hearts as their favorite Tejano music artist in the business. Your whole career starting from your father forcing you and your siblings into a band of children. While the years go on and he continues to push you to be better. From the start, he tells you he can sense there is something in you that no other artist has, something special. He was right because it is said that women are not likely to succeed in that style of music business, but you proved them wrong because you became number one but success comes with its own problems. The one person who you trusted with all the funds, backstabs you, by stealing from you and then shoots you.
In this paper we are going to discuss the life, work and teachings of Saint Teresa of Avila, Doctor of the Catholic Church. St. Teresa was an important figure in the Church for her reforms of the Carmelite Order. Teresa’s reforms caused a fracture of the Order and formed the Order of Discalced Carmelites, which believes in the old ways of the Carmelite Order. St. Teresa is also well known for her three books.
Frida Kahlo was a Mexican painter, born on the July the 6th, 1907. She was born in small town on the outskirts of Mexico, called Couyocan. Her family lived in a house they built themselves, La Casa Azul, or “The Blue House”. It’s name comes from the structures bright blue walls, and now stands as the Frida Kahlo Museum. At the age of fifteen, Kahlo was enrolled in the National Prepatory School of Mexico, where she was one of only a thirty-five female students. With the dream of becoming a medical doctor, Kahlo studied sciences at the school. But, on Septemer 17th, 1925, Kahlo experienced the fateful accident which changed her life forever. She had been riding on a bus with her boyfriend, Alejandro Gomez Arias, when the vehicle collided with a tram. The accident had left several people dead, and Kahlo with many injuries. Some of which were broken collar bone, fractures in her right leg, a crushed foot and a broken spinal column. The injuries left her in a full-body cast for months on end and was confined to her bed for this time. Kahlo also was left with fertility complications after handrail had pierced her uterus. The tragic event left Kahlo in a world of unbearable pain and also boredom. It was during her bed-ridden recovery where she took up the practice of painting, with herself as the subject. Her mother had made her an easel to paint in bed, where she developed her skills of painting. Her first self portrait, “Self Portrait in a Velvet Dress”, was her first serious piece which she painted in 1926. She painted it as a present to her boyfriend, Alejandro Gomez Arias. The artwork was fairly muted in colour and was quite a traditional European-style artwork. But, as Kahlo continued painting her works transitioned from the acade...