Acute lymphocytic leukemia, or ALL, is a type of cancer that starts in the bone marrow where early blood cells are made. It is also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (American Cancer Society, 2016). Leukemia is cancer of the blood and the blood forming tissues. It is characterized by overproduction of lymphocytes. Acute leukemias involve lymphocytes that grow rapidly, but abnormally (Leukemia, 2016). According to American Cancer Society (2016), “The term ‘acute’ means that the leukemia can progress quickly, and if not treated, then it could be fatal within a few months. Lymphocytic means it develops from early forms of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells.”
People with acute lymphocytic leukemia have too many lymphoid stem cells becoming B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes. The lymphocyte cells do not work properly causing these cells to become leukemia cells (National Cancer Institute, 2017). “Also, as the number of the leukemia cells increases in the blood and the bone marrow, there is less room for healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This may lead to infection, anemia, and easy bleeding” (National Cancer Institute, 2017).
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One known risk factor to acute lymphocytic leukemia is exposure to high energy levels of radiation (Leukemia, 2016). Sometimes treating cancer with radiation therapy can higher the risk of getting leukemia. The risk can be even higher if chemotherapy and radiation are both used during cancer treatment (American Cancer Society, 2016). Another risk factor to acute lymphocytic leukemia is exposure to certain chemicals including benzene (Leukemia, 2016). Acute Lymphocytic leukemia is not inherited, but there is some inherited syndromes with genetic change that raises the risk of having it (American Cancer Society,
The risks that can develop cancer are complicated and complex. To indicate one single cause of cancer is hard. However, certain environmental causes are strongly interrelated with the cause of particular cancers, such as cigarette smoking and lung cancer and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and skin cancer (CancerSource). It is also known that, “Ionizing radiation consists of x-rays, UV light, and radioactivity whose energy can damage cells and chromosomes. Radioactivity increases the risk of cancer.” Source to indicate the effects of radioactivity is the U.S bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After all these years, the Japanese are still suffering from all kinds of cancer caused by many long lived chemicals such as Strontium-90 and Cesium-147 from the fallout. “High rate of leukemia” was found among the people who had survived Hiroshima and Nagasa...
There are four main different types of leukemia. It is grouped by how fast it spreads and what kind of white blood cell it affects. The group of how fast leukemia spreads is either acute or chronic. Acute leukemia gets worse faster and may make a person feel sick right away. Where chronic leukemia gets worse slowly and may not cause symptoms for years. The group of what kind of blood cells leukemia affects is either lymphatic or myelogenous. Lymphatic leukemia affects white blood cells called lymphocytes. Where myelogenous leukemia affects white blood cells called myelocytes. When the two groups come together they form four main types of leukemia. They are acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Each type is different in its own way but experts still don’t know for sure what causes leukemia.
Many parts and systems of the human body can be impacted by cancer. The system of blood that supplies oxygen and nutrients is one such area. Leukemia is cancer that starts in the tissue that forms blood. Most blood cells are formed in bone marrow called stem cells. Bone marrow is the soft jelly-like substance in the center of bones. Once the cell is mature, it develops into different types of blood cells, each type performs a specific task. These cells include erythrocytes also known as red blood cells and leukocytes also known as white blood cells. Leukocytes are potent infection fighters and they come in the form of B-cells, natural killer cells, helper T-cells, and cytotoxic-T cells. Adoptive cellular therapy is a treatment used to help
Leukemia like any other cancer is devastating especially when it affects children and especially when they are too young to understand most of what is happening to their bodies. Facts like these are what should be used to motivate researchers and caregivers to help to make the process of treatment and care for patient dealing with disease one that is pleasant and supportive. The research should be taken seriously and it is hoped that in the future a cure can be found and the cause of the disease can be explained. It is also hoped that achievements like those can give families who are coping with disease or who have lost loved ones to the disease can find closure and solace in knowing that other may not have to go through what they have.
- Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML): Is a cancer of the bone marrow and the blood that will progress quickly without treatment. This type of leukemia affects mainly the cells that aren’t fully developed. Therefore, making the cells not carry out their normal functions. With this type of dysfunctional activity in the cells at an early stage, this why it is very important to get care and treatment as soon as possible.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL): ALL affects lymphoid cells and grows quickly. More common in children between the ages of 2 and 5 years.
95% of the genetic mutations resulting in CLL are in B-cells. The other 5% are in T- or NK-cells. These mutations result in abnormal lymphocytes (leukemic cells). As the cancer progresses from the blood to the marrow, the increased number of cancerous cells push healthy white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets out of the bone marrow. This “takeover” of the marrow can result in anemia, reduced ability to fight infection and easy bleeding. The increased rates of secondary infections are the result of decreased infection-fighting capacity of white blood cells.
One of the easiest ways to measure the severity of a condition like Acute Myeloid Leukemia is to define it. A trusted website for disease information, Mayoclinic.org, defines AML as “A cancer of the blood and bone marrow (the spongy tissue inside bones where all of the body’s red blood cells are made.) The disease affects a group of white blood cells within the marrow called the myeloid cells, which normally develop into normal cell types, such as red, white, and platelet blood cells.” In short, AML takes over the body’s new cell production and produces cancerous cells instead of normal blood cells, flooding the body with mutated and deformed cells that are a hindrance to the body’s basic functioning. If left untreated or if treatment is not implemented at an early enough stage, Acute Myeloid Leukemia will eventually cause a large hit on a person’s immune system, organ failure, and death.
Kanwar, V.S. (2013, Sep 16). Diseases & Conditions - Medscape Reference. Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Retrieved January 13, 2014, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/990113-overview#a0156
Multiple myeloma, also known as myeloma, hematologic cancer, or cancer of the blood is a plasma cell cancer, a type of white blood cell made in the bone marrow that is responsible for creating antibodies. A Multiple myeloma diagnosis means a group of these plasma cells has become cancerous and is multiplying. This cancerous multiplication of plasma cells raises the the level of abnormal proteins in circulating blood, and reduces the space available in the bone marrow for making healthy plasma cells . Health problems caused by multiple myeloma can affect your bones, immune system, kidneys and red blood cell count. The lifetime risk of getting multiple myeloma is 1 in 149 (0.67%).
A characteristic of ALL is that it has a rapid onset and is seen usually in ages 2-8 but can affect different age groups. It is said that, a good portion of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia arises as a B- cell precursor. Professionals say, “ALL is associated with various alterations in the number of chromosomes and chromosomal translocations, and each specific alteration has prognostic significance” (Braun & Anderson). Possible alterations that could cause Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is “. . . Down syndrome, Ataxia-telangiectasia, and Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)” (KidsHealth, 2014). Also, children who have had radiation or chemotherapy in the past have a higher risk factor. However, this does not mean you will have cancer or doesn’t mean you will have
Leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells, and leukemia cells form in the bone marrow like other normal blood cells. The exact causes of leukemia are unknown, but there are some known risk factors that may lead to leukemia. These include being exposed to radiation, smoking, undergoing chemotherapy, having a genetic disorder, having a number of blood disorders, and a family history of leukemia. There are two different categories of leukemia: chronic and acute. Chronic leukemia gets worse slowly, whereas acute leukemia gets worse quickly. Depending on the type of leukemia, the symptoms may not even be apparent. In chronic leukemia, it is not uncommon for patients to be totally unaware of their disease until a routine check-up. However, symptoms may be experienced right away in patients with acute leukemia. Some symptoms of leukemia include fever, night sweats, headaches, change of appetite, unexpected weight loss, bruising easily, bleeding easily, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, recurrent infections, and pain in the bones or joints. Conversely, these symptoms may not even be due to leukemia at all....
The Phase I trial will be discussed here as it pertains to the topic at hand. The typical treatment for cervical cancer if surgery is not a viable option – like if the cancer has spread, then called locally advanced cervical cancer – is chemotherapy and radiation treatment at the same time. This phase I clinical trial is simply looking to add ipilimumab to this regimen, but once the chemo/radiation has been completed (LACC article). Chemo and radiation destroy tumor cells, which causes tumor-associated antigens to be released. Once released, these antigens are exogenous (outside the cell) and will be presented to helper T cells to initiate an immune response.
White blood cells fight off infection which is cause by bacteria, viruses and fungi. Second cause can be a reaction to a drug. Third cause can be a disease to a bone marrow because high counts in the white blood cell. A high count in white blood cells can harm many parts in the body but they mainly harm the immune system. Someone with leukemia would have frequent noes bleeds, bleeding from the gums or rectums, high fevers, night sweats, bone pain, feeling tired, swelling and weight loss. Someone with leukemia having high fever is caused by the infections being fought off by white blood cells. The bone pain s cause by the buildup leukemic cells and feeling tired all the time has a lot to do with the body overworking. The swelling on the left side is due to the draining of lymph tissue in the
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells. Though it is thought as a children’s condition, it is actually affects more adults. This condition is more common in men than women, and more common in whites than African-American. There is nothing you can do to prevent yourself from getting this disease. In your body, there is a rise of white blood cells. All the extra white blood cells crowd the red blood cells and platelets. All the extra white blood cells don’t work right away, which causes a problem.