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History of gender inequality
The history of gender inequality
Inequality between men and women history
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At its conception, the United Stated Constitution was considered the most well developed progressive document ever written, because of its flexibility. The Constitution’s framers realized that no document could cover all of the changes that would take place to ensure its longevity. Constitutional convention every twenty years was proposed by Jefferson to update the Constitution. Since its ratification in 1789, only 27 proposed amendments have made it through the difficult process, although there has been close to 10,000 amendments proposed in Congress, and only a fraction of a percentage of those receive enough support to actually go through the constitutional ratification process. The success rate of an amendment to become part of the Constitution is less than 1%. At the time of its ratification, the population of the United States was around 4 million and has grown to exceed 321 million people. Actually, since 1791 including the Bill of Rights the US Constitution has only changed 16 times. If you consider, the changes in infrastructure, populations and technology that have occurred in the United States over the past …show more content…
200 plus years, this is an amazing fact. Article V of the Constitution outlines the numerous steps that must be taken in order for to pass an amendment. This article provides for two methods for the proposal and two methods for the ratification of an amendment. An amendment may be proposed by a two-thirds vote of the House of Representatives and the Senate or although never use, a national convention called by Congress at the request of 2/3 of the state legislatures. The amendment may then be ratified by 3/4 of the state legislatures (38 states) or special conventions called in 3/4 of the states. The only amendment to be adopted in this way was the 21st amendment, which over turn prohibition. Only Congress has the power to determine the method of ratification. I am proposing the following two amendments to the United States Constitution, in an attempt to guide us into the future and to assist today’s society. If I could proposed the 28th and 29th Amendments to the United States Constitution I would proposed the following: Amendment XXVIII - “Hereby establishes……Equal Pay for Women” That the following article is proposed to Congress to be adopted as a proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years after the date of its submission for ratification: Congress shall require that equal wages are paid to employees performing equal work, without regard to age, ethnicity or gender. Congress shall require that employers to show the differences in wages are based on factors other than sex. Congress shall strengthen penalties for violations of this act, and prohibit retaliation against employees inquire about wage practices and disclosure of wages Congress shall require that equal wages are paid to persons working in similar conditions. “Equal pay is a family issue.” Discrimination in pay is a persistent problem that plagues American families where the breadwinner is a woman.
Nearly half of the labor force and breadwinners are women. More women are working in career fields and positions traditionally held by men. When women are not paid fairly, not only do they suffer, but so do their families. According to current research, “Despite passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which requires that men and women in the same work place be given equal pay for equal work, the "gender gap" in pay persists. Full-time women workers’ earnings are only about 77 percent of their male counterparts’ earnings. The pay gap is even greater for African-American and Latina women, with African-American women earning 64 cents and Latina women earning 56 cents for every dollar earned by a Caucasian
man.” Amendment XXVIV - “Hereby establishes……To Ensure the Reproductive Rights of Women.” That the following article is proposed to Congress to be adopted as a proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years after the date of its submission for ratification: The right of any women in the United States to control their reproduction shall not be removed or prevented by the United States or any of it territories. Congress shall make no law denying or preventing the reproductive rights of any women in any state or US territory. “The freedom of females to decide the disposition of their reproductive organs and biological processes within and without their bodies shall be supreme and inviolable, and no one may interfere with that freedom for any reason.” Women should have the right to decide if and when they want to have a child or children. The theory of life starts at conception does not agree with the rules of nature. In nature only the strong survive. A fetus that cannot survive outside of a woman’s body should not have more rights than the woman who is carrying it, especially in cases of rape and incest. A woman’s right to her reproductive and biological organs should not be denied to accommodate another person’s wishes or beliefs.
This was true in the 1940’s, and it’s still a relevant issue today. Then, it was rare for women to earn even slightly more than fifty cents to every man’s dollar. Now, the average woman earns anywhere from sixty to eighty percent of a man’s salary for the exact same job. Ranges vary depending on the specific career field. However, women of minorities remain stuck in injustice, systematic trends.
There is much debate in political theory about the definition of a constitution. Generally, it is considered as a “single governing document”. If that is the case, then the U.S. Constitution is the oldest in the world (Berry, 2011). The Framers, upon writing it, aimed to create a document that would stand the test of time. Despite changes in population size, racial and religious components, and even the modern day technology, the objective has clearly been achieved. Elkins claims that this is primarily due to its flexibility. Judicial review interprets the document with the rapidly changing society in mind (as cited in Garza, 2008). Many state constitutions, on the other hand, have not survived as long. Since many have been written with specific people and localities in mind, they have not been able to adapt to change well. Louisiana, for example, has had 11 state constitutions. It is common today, for states to consider overhauling their current constitutions (Morris, Henson, & Fackler, 2011).
The U.S. Constitution was completed on September 17, 1789 and has served as a model for the constitutions of many other nations. The constitution of the United States of America is the oldest written national constitution in use and consists of twenty-seven amendments.
... document and not the will of those in powers is tremendous. Except for the 17 of the 27 amendments that make part of the United States of America constitution, the constitution has remained largely the same. What has changed, and continues to change, is the interpretation of some parts that have expanded to include contexts that were not envisioned by our founding fathers. It is truly remarkable that the Constitution has sustained many powerful historical events over time and today remains pretty much intact.
In 1787, The United States of America formally replaced the Articles of Confederation with a wholly new governing document, written by the delegates who attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. This document, known as the Constitution, has served as the supreme law of our land for the past 228 years. It has stood the test of time and a majority of Americans still support it today (Dougherty). The Constitution was designed in a way that allows for it to be amended, in order to address changing societal needs. Article V discusses the process by which the Constitution can be altered. This feature has enabled it to stay in effect and keep up with current times. The Constitution should not be rewritten every 19 years because it would not only weaken its importance, but it would also hurt foreign relations and continuously rewriting it would give political parties too much power.
The reality of wage differences between men and women is that above all changes women continue to earn less than men. Countless arguments have promoted that wage inequality has changed and that everyone finally receives an equal amount of pay. “For women of color, the gap is largest of all: In 2006, black and Hispanic women earned 86 and 87 cents on the white man’s dollar, respectively,” (Mcswane 2). If a woman is lucky enough she will get an equal pay compared to a man doing the same job. But it is challenging for a woman of a minority background to achieve this. Not only are women paid less because of their sex, but also because of their race. There seems to be a mentality that because someone is a woman and a minority that they cannot do the same job as men or that women do not have the same education as the men, so employers do not have to pay them the same. “When the numbers are broken down by district, they 're pretty hard to ignore. Women in Texas are being utterly screwed financially, according to the data compiled by AAWU, with women earning anywhere from 66 percent of what men do in some districts, to the top end of things, which is about 89 percent,” (Leicht 4). The proof cannot be ignored. It i...
There is a pay gap between men and women in the U.S. The pay gap affects women of all educations levels, and backgrounds. But white men are the largest demographic in labor forces so they possibly favor each other as opposed to women. The graph didn’t specify the type of jobs, or whether they were working parts time or fulltime. But in 2016, women working full time in the U.S. were paid 80% of what men were getting paid. There are some occupations that have not reached the equity but some have like retail, banking and real
Since the beginning of when the constitution was first initiated, times have drastically changed from one century to another. If the one thing that has stayed the same is the laws implemented by the United States Constitution, then why would that change now, or within the next century? It would not, because after being successful for such a long time period, there is no reason for that change to occur now or in the near future.
On June 10, 1963 President John F. Kennedy signed the historic Equal Pay Act of 1963 into federal law. The act was one of the first federal antidiscrimination laws to address specifically the gender wage gap, it became illegal to pay men and women a different salary if they are at the same place doing similar work. After the Equal Pay Act, it took forty four years for the gap to close from fifty nine cents to eighteen cents. Although the act was signed over fifty years ago, the gender wage gap remains a prominent issue throughout America. On average women’s pay is seventy seven cents of a man’s one dollar, with an even wider gap for women of color. African American women earn sixty four cents to a white man’s one dollar, while Latina and Hispanic women only earn fifty four cents. While the gap is not as bad as it once was, at the rate it is going now, less than half a penny a year, the will gap not close for another 124 years. Equal Pay Day is a national movement working towards closing this wage gap between men and women.
In 1963, President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law, making it unlawful to discriminate against a worker on the basis of sex. Since that time, the wage gap between men and women in the United States has narrowed by just 15 cents, now being 74 cents, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau.
With a record 64 million women in the workforce, pay discrimination hurts the majority of American families. Families lose $200 billion in income annually to the wage gap—an average loss of more than $4,000 for each working family. In addition, wage discrimination lowers total lifetime earnings, thereby reducing women’s benefits from Social Security and pension plans.
Furthermore, the gap is even larger for women of color. African American Women on average earn only 64 percent of what white males are paid and Latinas earn a mere 55 percent. The disparity in the wage gap greatly affects women’s spending power. According to the Institute for Women’s Policy Research (IWPR), over the course of 15 years, women lose thousands of dollars due to wage gap discrimination. With a lack of spending power, it is much more difficult for a woman to attain financial independence when compared to males in the same position. By administering non-equal pay to female employees, employers essentially rob families of essential income through an explicit bias against female equality and advancement. This bias could be ameliorated through regulatory procedures that ensure fair compensation for work completed, thus reducing financial stressors caused by the disparity
In 1963 president John F. Kennedy signed the equal pay act that mandated man and woman to be paid equally for equal work. That was 50 years ago and if we look at the recent data not a lot of progress has been made since Kennedy signed the act many years ago. The US Census Bureau states that male and female pay differ from one another from 15% to 50% depending on the work sector. According to the AAUW IN 2013 among full time year round workers, woman were paid 78% percent of what men were paid. The gender gap pays affect all woman but it is even more drastic when we compare woman of color. Asian American woman seem to
Women are more than half the work force and are graduating at higher rates then men and continue to earn considerably less then men. There are several contributing factors to the gender wage gap. Women experience gender discrimination in the work force even though it’s been illegal since the Equal Pay Act in 1963. One of the challenges for women is uncovering discrimination. There is a lack of transparency in earnings because employees are either contractually prohibited or it’s strongly discouraged from being discussed. Discrimination also occurs in the restricting of women’s access to jobs with the highest commission payments, or access to lucrative clients.
It is very important to be concerned about the issue because it is constantly increasing throughout the United States. It upsets me that women are paid less than men because women have the same ability and work ethic as men do, but they are looked at differently. According to AAUW, women make 77 percent of what men make. This rate hasn’t changed since 2002 (Hill, 2013). Statistics show that women will never make as much as men due to the thought of never being comparable to men (Williams, 2013).