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Epistemology
Essays on epistemology
The Relationship Between Dream and Reality
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Recommended: Epistemology
Inception and "A Skin not a Sweater"
Ontology as defined in philosophy as the study of nature of being and existence (Furlong and Marsh 185). Examples of such are the ontology of the mind and the ontology of the beginning of the cosmos (Novotny 1). Epistemology, on the other hand, seeks to answer questions about the validity and limits of knowledge, in other words, it seeks to determine the difference between opinion and justified truth (Furlong and Marsh).
In ‘A skin not a sweater’, the two have been portrayed to being related since every theory about the existence of nature begs the question on how a person has knowledge on the subject. We cannot, therefore, address ontology without bringing up the concept of epistemology. Furlong and Marsh argue that epistemology is a social aspect of society because the knowledge we possess is shaped by the ideas and way of life in society. Our decisions and belief in a certain aspect or theory about nature is determined by our surroundings that society greatly influences. Ontology is shaped by
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Note that Cobb, usually, steals information or knowledge out of the dream world so that corresponding actions in the real world can be made – this is ontology before epistemology. The work given to Cobb was to inject information or knowledge conceived in the real world into a dream world – this is the reverse. Note that it is assumed in this deduction that the dream world is purely ontological while the real world is ontological and epistemological. The film suggests a conclusion that it is impossible for us to know whether which one comes first - ontology or epistemology. The proof of this suggested conclusion is that Mal died when Cobb injected an idea to Mai’s mind while they were in a dream. Nevertheless, we cannot be sure if Mai did die because, at the end of the film, we are not guaranteed that we are in the real world – the wobbling of the
Visual connection in both Inception and Metamorphoses signals trauma. Cobb’s primary look through the window reflects Orpheus’s glance backwards which causes Eurydice to die a second time. In the flashback scene, Mal closes her eyes when Cobb shouts to her, “Look at me!” The closing of her eyes reverses the Orpheus and Eurydice myth. Here, Mal’s refusal to look toward Cobb causes her death. We see the action through reverse shots between the point of view of Cobb and Mal, heightening the scene’s traumatic nature. However, the camera stays with Cobb’s point of view for longer in scenes where both character interact, especially true when Mal falls from the window ledge as the camera tracks her progress down, mimicking Cobb’s line of sight. Just
Epistemology can be defined as the study of knowledge. It asks questions like, “What is knowledge?”, “Why is knowledge important?”, and “How do people gain knowledge?”. Through a lot of determination in searching for answers to these questions, epistemologists discovered that there is a lot of disagreement on such questions. Therefore, epistemologists categorized these answers in groups based on beliefs that they have about where knowledge comes from and what the limit of knowledge is. The main groups epistemologists formed are: rationalism, empiricism, and constructivism. In my opinion, the Kantian constructivism has the strongest view.
Barron, L.(2006) ONTOLOGY in Jupp, V (ed, 2006) The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge. What is it that we can know? Scholars of epistemology are searching for the definition of knowledge. I believe knowledge comes from direct experience, experimentation, practicing what you are learning and by association. Furthermore, knowledge must be acquired through experience; it is not born into an infant. A child or adult becomes wise in the ways of the world through living life.
Epistemology is a philosophy assumption which deals with the nature and basis of the knowledge, understanding of the knowledge and authenticity of knowledge (McClean, 2012).
In the article “Skin Deep”, authors Jablonski and Chaplin discuss the various theories that have been proposed as to why there is variation in skin color among modern humans. Using knowledge of the human anatomy along with scientific findings, both old and new, the authors have put together a comparison between each hypothesized theory. As stated in the reading, it was figured long ago that it isn't a matter of luck of which shade of color belongs to a certain population. Distribution of skin color happens due to “natural selection acting to regulate the effects of the sun's ultraviolet radiation on key nutrients crucial to reproductive success”, according to the authors.
Many of the readings that we have studied in class have discussed the idea of human beings and our relationships with nature. The different authors we’ve studied and the works we’ve analyzed share different views of this relationship – a very interesting aspect to study. Human relationships with nature are truly timeless – nature can have the same effects on humans now as it did millions of years ago. Two of the works in particular which offered differing views on this relationship were “Entrance to the Woods” by Wendell Berry and “The Invented Landscape” by Frederick Turner.
Looking next to ontology, we will further explore the matters of what is real. Plato and Aristotle both had differing views on ontology. "Plato believed in perfect prototypes, or forms, which were ultimate realities from which the world of objects has been patterned... Gradually, Plato expanded his theory of ideal Forms to include everything we see imperfectly represented in the ordinary course of events" (Mitchell 64). Plato 's philosophy has be referred to as idealism, meaning that the "most real entities are ideas" (Mitchell 65). Aristotle 's views about ontology are different from the ideas of Plato. At first, he was accepting of the theories presented by Plato, but later branched into his own philosophy about the world (Mitchell
Aristotle’s ontology is much like Plato’s in that it is universal. Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existing, or, reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. This concept is what most people used as a way to categorize different people in society. The hierarchy system is how different people are placed based on their family and how their life styles are. Even today the government categorizes p...
Bauman regards common sense knowledge and common sense understandings as powerful social mechanisms which can fundamentally shape attitudes about the world in which humans live. Sociology is the ‘social science’ that studies human behaviour and characteristics based on their development within society. Common sense however is, what a person has learnt from society due to them being socialised. Michael Jacobson illustrates Bauman’s opinion of common sense, ‘Defamiliarization shatters the impenetrable walls of common sense that prevents us from experiencing and understanding the world anew’. Bauman’s argument depicts that humans have grown with society’s changes and are now dependent upon ‘common sense’ due to the lack of interest in exploring the world they live in at greater depths. This is reiterated further as Jacobson continues to exemplify Bauman’s argument, ‘he always points to the yet undiscovered human potential and the – in principle- unlimited possibilities waiting to be uncovered by humanity beyond the constraining confines of common sense’. Bauman persistently disputes that if the human race was to distance themselves from any beliefs they have heard, or have been raised with, that are originated from common sense they would discover a world of greater potential.
The study of any particular science involves embracing particular and specific ontology, epistemology and methodologies that are different from each other. Ontology is the concept that defines and explains the essential types of truth (Blaikie 2009). Every field of science constitutes its own ontology and in most cases two types of ontology exists: formal ontology and domain ontology (Blaikie 2009). Formal ontology type of research always postulates something general related to reality while on the other hand domain ontology postulate something specific with regard to different types of truths (Blaikie 2009). On its part epistemology constitute a science concept that defines how human and the general population of the world know and reason the particular truth. The two concepts are differentiated by particular assumptions that are associated with each of them. For instance assumptions associated with ontology include: shallow realist, conceptual realist, cautious realist, depth realist and idealist (Blaikie 2009). On the other hand assumptions related to epistemology include: empiricism, rationalism, falsificationism, neo-realism and constructionism (Blaikie 2009). Therefore the purpose of this essay will be to define objectivism and inteprativism as related to ontology, define positivism and interpretavism as related to epistemology, explain how ontology and epistemology are linked and how they influence each other, before lastly looking at how important ontology and epistemology are.
	Plato tried to solve this dilemma of ontology with his theory of the forms. "You have before your mind these two orders of things, the visible and the intelligible,"3 he says, which can be compared to opinion and knowledge respectively. In The Republic he uses a line analogy to explain the connection between what we perceive and what really exists. Dividing a line in four unequal parts gives us the four stages of understanding with a state of being on one side of the line corresponding to a state of understanding on the other side of the line.
Epistemology is the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope, and the distinction between justified belief and opinion (Wordweb).
Throughout history, many individuals wish to discover and explain the relationship between nature and society, however, there are many complexities relating to this relationship. The struggle to understand how nature and society are viewed and connected derives from the idea that there are many definitions of what nature is. The Oxford dictionary of Human Geography (2003), explains how nature is difficult to define because it can be used in various contexts as well as throughout different time and spaces. As a result of this, the different understandings of what nature is contributes to how the nature society relationship is shaped by different processes. In order to better understand this relation there are many theorists and philosophers
There will be difference in the level of details given by different ontologies on the same domain. This poses extra challenges to select the ontology that has the accurate level of detail. Ontology selection is the process of identifying one or more ontologies that satisfy certain criteria. These criteria can be related to topic coverage of the ontology. The actual process of inspecting whether ontology satisfies certain criteria is fundamentally an ontology evaluation task. In this approach ontology concepts are compared to a set of query terms that represent the domain. It first tries to determine ontologies that contain the given keyword. If no matches are found, it queries for the synonyms of the term and then for its hypernyms. The ontology se...