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Selective breeding versus transgenesis in animal breeding
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I have more than 15 years of experience working on embryonic development and assisted reproductive technologies. I consider myself an “embryology epigeneticist” who study epigenetics including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and histone variants on early embryos. My major interest is the cellular reprogramming processes.
I obtained my Bachelor (1996-2000) and Master degrees (2000-2002) in the Department of Animal Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan. As a sophomore in 1997, I was amazed by the breaking news of Dolly, the sheep, the first cloned mammal created by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). I then joined my first mentor Prof Winston T-K Cheng’s lab (he is renowned as the world's first scientist to produce test-tube
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It didn’t take me very long time to discover my hidden talents of micromanipulation once starting bench work and learning embryology. I generated my first batch of transgenic mice within few weeks during summer internship. During the last three undergrad semesters, I received a GPA of 3.6. Bearing this sheer passion about reproductive biotechnology, I motivated myself to apply for the Master of Science program. Continually focusing my research on transgenic animals and recombinant pharmaceutical medicine production, I accomplished my thesis “Generation and Analysis of Transgenic Mice and Dairy Goat Harboring the LA-hFVIII Gene.” Simultaneously, I created the first germline transmitted transgenic dairy goats in Taiwan. In addition, I received the scholarship of the Alumni of the Department of Animal Husbandry, NTU (overall GPA during the master program was 3.8) and won the Young Scientist Poster Award of the Chinese Society of Animal Science, …show more content…
I investigated the roles of the histone variant H3.3 during oocyte-to-egg transition. I reveal that H3.3 mediates a balance between open and condensed chromatin that is crucial for the fidelity of chromosome segregation during early mouse development. Knocking down of H3.3 in fertilised mouse zygotes leads to developmental arrest at the morula stage. Loss of H3.3 leads to over-condensation and mis-segregation of chromosomes with corresponding high levels of aneuploidy. H3.3-deficient embryos have significantly reduced levels of markers of open chromatin, such as H3K36me2 and H4K16Ac. In addition, H3.3 KD embryos have increased incorporation of linker H1(Lin et al Development 2013). In addition, I have recently shown that Hira (an H3.3 chaperone) mediated H3.3 incorporation is involving the nucleosome assembly in the male genome to form a male pronucleus. Additionally, I overturned a long-lasting dogma that transcription of the mouse zygotic genome is minor and not required for development by demonstrating that instead of RNA Polymerase II (mRNAs), RNA Polymerase I (rRNAs) function is required for zygotic cleavage to 2-cells (Lin et al Developmental Cell 2014). On the basis of this work, I was selected for an oral presentation at the Cell Transcriptional Regulation in Development, Cell Symposium in July
Jill U. Adams, an expert science writer, wrote an article about manipulating the human genome through embryonic stem cells. In the article an important aspect mentioned is the research the Chinese have successfully accomplished. Chinese scientists have developed a method called, CRISPR, which allows to edit the genes using a, “finding/replacing” method, similar to the one in a word processor. CRISPR has brought up many ethical concerns to scientists bringing endeavors for the FDA and NIH to allow embryonic research. Adams insures to address both pros and cons, background information, and the current situation of embryonic stem cell research all essential in aiding to give readers of the research paper background information.
Genetic engineering, the process of using genetic information from the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of cells to fix or improve genetic defects or maladies, has been developing for over twenty years. When Joseph Vacanti, a pediatric surgeon at Children’s Hospital, and Robert Langer, a chemical engineering professor at MIT, first met as researchers in the 1970’s, they had little knowledge of the movement they would help found. After they discovered a method of growing live tissue in the 1980’s, a new science was born, and it races daily towards new discoveries and medical breakthroughs (Arnst and Carey 60). “Tissue engineering offers the promise that failing organs and aging cells no longer be tolerated — they can be rejuvenated or replaced with healthy cells and tissues grown anew” (Arnst and Carey 58). The need for genetic engineering becomes quite evident in the promises it offers in various medical fields, as well to financial ones. Despite critics’ arguments about the morality or practicality of it, genetic engineering should continue to provide the essential benefits it has to offer without unnecessary legal impediment.
“Accumulation of histone repeat transcripts in the sea urchin egg pronucleus”, Venezsky et al. Cell. 24(2):385-391.
There is no surprise that food is important in all aspects of our lives—it is shared amongst families, celebrated as a major part of our culture, and crucial to our daily routine that keeps us fit, healthy, and active. Today’s western culture glorifies a skewed perspective on how food is supposed to fit into our lives. Somehow this perception has led us to believe we no longer have the time or money it takes to prepare a wholesome, healthy meal that is shared at the dinner table with family. Instead, we are trained to want a meal that is fast, cheap, and easy. This meal is usually highly processed and filled with sugars and fats. This has led us to a problem of epidemic proportions characterized by the rapid increase in obesity and diabetes.
Epigenetics also can be responsible for changes of histone, the main protein component of chromatin, which is a combination of DNA and protein to make the nucleus of a cell.
Spearmann thought of cloning as a way to study cell differentiation. Briggs and King used the technique of nuclear transfer on amphibians and it was successful (Campbell). “Subsequently John Gurdon demonstrated the potential to reprogram differentiated cells by producing adult Xenopus using epithelial cells from developing tadpole intestine as nuclear donors,” says Alberio Campbell. Unfortunately, later studies show that this method of cloning tadpoles didn’t allow them to develop to the adult stage of life (Campbell). “The use of enucleated metaphase II oocytes as recipient cytoplasts proved more successful and in 1986 resulted in the production of live lambs using blastomeres from 8 to 16-cell stage embryos as nuclear donors,” says Campbell. This success in sheep was also used on other mammals such as cattle and swine. There were limitations to the technology. First, the “frequency development was very low”...
Although humans have altered the genomes of species for thousands of years through artificial selection and other non-scientific means, the field of genetic engineering as we now know it did not begin until 1944 when DNA was first identified as the carrier of genetic information by Oswald Avery Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty (Stem Cell Research). In the following decades two more important discoveries occurred, first the 1953 discovery of the structure of DNA, by Watson and Crick, and next the 1973 discovery by Cohen and Boyer of a recombinant DNA technique which allowed the successful transfer of DNA into another organism. A year later Rudolf Jaenisch created the world’s first transgenic animal by introducing foreign DNA into a mouse embryo, an experiment that would set the stage for modern genetic engineering (Stem Cell Research). The commercialization of genetic engineering began largely in 1976 wh...
The merger of two germinal cells, one being a sperm cell and the other being an egg cell, is complete within twelve hours, at which time the egg is fertilized and becomes a zygote containing forty six chromosomes required to create a new human life. It is during this remarkable process when conception occurs. Conception confirms life and makes that undeveloped human one of a kind (Rorvik & Shettles, 1983, p. 16). Many researchers, as well as scientists, identify the first moments of life as the instant when a sperm cell unites with an ovum, o...
The. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2002. Print. The. The "Epigenetics" of the "Epigenetic PBS. PBS, 09 Jan. 2000.
Epigenetics is the study of both heritable and non-heritable changes in gene translation, which do not stem from mutation. Epigenetic alterations to DNA may occur in several different ways; histone modification, DNA methylations, expression of microRNAs, and changes of the chromatin structure (Ntanasis-Stathopoulos et al). Depending on their presentation, they may be passed on to offspring. The exact mechanism of heritable epigenetic modification has not been discovered, but all of these alterations may have some impact on a wide range of disorders and have far reaching implications in the medical field. The study of epigenetics seeks to answer the age old question of whether nature or nurture is responsible for our phenotype, and it has arrived at the answer that in fact, both are. The discovery of epigenetic changes may lead us to cure many disorders, and even personality problems.
Human genetic engineering has the capability to transmit usually fatal diseases. Although transmission is highly unlikely, it is one of the risk factors scientists have taken into great consideration. If animal cells or organs are transplanted into humans, zoonotic diseases may be spread. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses, and Nipah Encephalitis are all potentially fatal zoonotic diseases that could be transferred (Glenn). According to Linda MacDonald Glenn, J.D., L.L.M., “The introduction of these diseases to the human population could have devastating consequences” (Glenn). Human genetic engineering may also cause the production of unwanted mutations such as developmental issues. The procedures that would be used for genetically modifying human cells would include numerous alterations to sperm, eggs, stem cells, or embryos before entering a woman’s uterus. This could potentially modify the growth and development of the fetus in ways that have not yet b...
In 2004 another experiment was created in Rochester Minnesota at the Mayo Clinic. The clinic was the first to create pigs that used human blood in place of their own. In 2005, two more hybrids are created the first being a mouse with human brain cells and the second is a feline-human protein hybrid. These hybrids are being created to fight and cure cancers and diseases including Parkinson and Alzheimer’s disease. 2007 and 2008, sheep ...
Recent discoveries involving cloning have sparked ideas of cloning an entire human body (ProQuest Staff). Cloning is “the production of an organism with genetic material identical to that of another organism” (Seidel). Therapeutic cloning is used to repair the body when something isn’t working right, and it involves the production of new cells from a somatic cell (Aldridge). Reproductive cloning involves letting a created embryo develop without interference (Aldridge). Stem cells, if isolated, will continue to divide infinitely (Belval 6). Thoughts of cloning date back to the beginning of the twentieth century (ProQuest Staff). In 1938, a man decided that something more complex than a salamander should be cloned (ProQuest Staff). A sheep named Dolly was cloned from an udder cell in 1997, and this proved that human cloning may be possible (Aldridge). In 1998, two separate organizations decl...
In order to explain how the main character Moll Flanders in the extract of Defoe’s novel ‘The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders’ is an example of picaresque, one might start by defining the meaning of picaresque. The Oxford English Dictionary definition reads as follows:
Benz, Francis E.. Pasteur Knight of the Laboratory. New York, New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1938. 73-141.