Homomorphic Encryption allows access to highly scalable, inexpensive, on-demand computing resources that can execute the code and store the data that are provided to them. This aspect, known as data outsourced computation is very attractive, as it alleviates most of the burden on IT services from the consumer. Nevertheless, the adoption of data outsourced computation by business has a major obstacle, since the data owner does not want to allow the un trusted cloud provider to have access to the data being outsourced. Merely encrypting the data prior to storing it on the cloud is not a viable solution, since encrypted data cannot be further manipulated. This means that if the data owner would like to search for particular information, then the data would need to be retrieved and decrypted a very costly operation, which limits the usability of the cloud to merely be used as a data storage centre. Homomorphic Encryption systems are used to perform operations on encrypted data without knowing the private key (without decryption), the client is the only holder of the secret key. When we decrypt the result of any operation, it is the same as if we had carried out the calculation on the raw data. Definition: An encryption is homomorphic, if: from Enc(a) and Enc(b) it is possible to compute Enc(f (a, b)), where f can be: +, ×, ⊕ and without using the private key. For plaintexts P1 and P2 and corresponding ciphertext C1 and C2, a homomorphic encryption scheme permits meaningful computation of P1 Θ P2 from C1 and C2 without revealing P1 or P2.The cryptosystem is additive or multiplicative homomorphic depending upon the operation Θ which can be addition or multiplication. A homomorphic encryption scheme consists of the followi... ... middle of paper ... ...S: [1] Vic (J.R.) Winkler, “Securing the Cloud, Cloud Computer Security, Techniques and Tactics”, Elsevier, 2011. [2] Pascal Paillier. Public-key cryptosystems based on composite degree residuosity classes. In 18th Annual Eurocrypt Conference (EUROCRYPT'99), Prague, Czech Republic, volume 1592, 1999 [3] Julien Bringe and al. An Application of the Goldwasser-Micali Cryptosystem to Biometric Authentication, Springer-Verlag, 2007. [4] R. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman. A method for obtaining digital signatures and public key cryptosystems. Communications of the ACM, 21(2):120-126, 1978. Computer Science, pages 223-238. Springer, 1999. [5] Taher ElGamal. A public key cryptosystem and a signature scheme based on discrete logarithms. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 469-472, 1985. [6] Craig Gentry, A Fully Homomorphic Encryption Scheme, 2009.
In July 2015, many of the world’s high ranking cryptographers published that the loss and destruction induced by adopting a key escrow system 20 years ago would be even more serious, that would be very hard to identify security weaknesses that could be misused by
Encryption is a strategy for changing data on a computer in a manner that it gets to be distinctly incomprehensible regardless of the possibility that somebody can access a PC with individual information on it.
Privacy Preserving Data Mining (PPDM) was proposed by D. Agrawal and C. C. Agrawal [1] and by Y. Lindell and B. Pinkas [5] simultaneously. To address this problem, researchers have since proposed various solutions that fall into two broad categories based on the level of privacy protection they provide. The first category of the Secure Multiparty Computation (SMC) approach provides the strongest level of privacy; it enables mutually distrustful entities to mine their collective data without revealing anything except for what can be inferred from an entity’s own input and the output of the mining operation alone by Y. Lindell and B. Pinkas in [5], J. Vaidya and C.W.Clifton in [6]. In principle, any data mining algorithm can be implemented by using generic algorithms of SMC by O.Goldreich in [7].However, these algorithms are extraordinarily expensive in practice, and impractical for real use. To avoid the high computational cost, various solutions those are more efficient than generic SMC algorithms have been proposed for specific mining tasks. Solutions to build decision trees over the horizontally partitioned data were proposed by Y. Lindell and B. Pinkas in [5]. For vertically partitioned data, algorithms have been proposed to address the association rule mining by J. Vaidya and C.W.Clifton in [6], k-means clustering by J. Vaidya and C. Clifton in[8], and frequent pattern mining problems by A.W.C. Fu, R.C.W. Wong, and K. Wang in [9]. The work of by B. Bhattacharjee, N. Abe, K. Goldman, B. Zadrozny, V.R. Chillakuru, M.del Carpio, and C. Apte in [10] uses a secure coprocessor for privacy preserving collaborative data mining and analysis. The second category of the partial information hiding approach trades pr...
This lecture was given by Dr. David Mirza Ahmad one of chief mentors of Subgraph, which is a open-source security start-up based out in Montreal. The talk was based on Kerchoff’s principle which states “the security of any cryptographic system does not rest in its secrecy; it must be able to fall into the enemy’s hand without inconvenience” [1]. The kerchoff’s principle underlines the fact that free software should be having reasonably good security. This fact is well understood by the world of cryptography because cryptography is a black-box where you never know what is happening inside it.
In the rapidly developing field of computer science, there is no more controversial issue than encryption. Encryption has become a highly contested issue with the broad use of global networks including the Internet. As more and more sensitive documents are being placed on computer networks, and trusted information is being sent from computer to computer throughout the world, the need for encryption has never been greater. However, the effects of encryption on our lifestyle and the government's role in encryption has been (and will continue to be) debated for years to come.
PKC is the enabling technology for all Internet security and the increasing use of digital signatures, which are replacing traditional signatures in many contexts. However, RSA is better than PKC because RSA doesn’t need digital signature. As a result, the RSA algorithm turned out to be a perfect fit for the implementation of a practical public security system. In 1977, Martin Gardner first introduced the RSA system. After 5 years, company RSA used secure electronic security products. Nowadays many credit companies of all over the world use the RSA system or a similar system based on the RSA system.
...is) as well as in number theory. The theorem is used in the encryption of data, which is the process of encoding information in such a way that only authorized parties can read it by unlocking the hidden information using a decryption key.
Data encryption refers to the process of transforming electronic information into a scrambled form that can only be read by someone who knows how to translate the code. In nowadays business world, it’s the easiest and most practical way to secure the information that we stored and processed, and it’s significant for our sensitive information. For example, as electronic commerce is popular now, the vendors and retailers must protect the customers’ personal information from hackers or competitors. They also have many business files or contracts that need to be strictly protected. Without data encryption, these important information may fall into wrong hands and be misused by others. Besides, data encryption may be used to secure sensitive information that exists on company networks, or create digital signatures, and help to authorize in business. No one should underestimate the importance of encryption. A little mistake in encryption may make sensitive information revealing, or even result in illegal and criminal accuse.
My knowledge has grown over the past six years, outwith the areas of learning offered by school courses, and I see this course as an opportunity to gain new skills and broaden my knowledge further. My main interests are varied, including communications and the internet, system analysis and design, software development, processors and low level machine studies. I have recently developed an interest in data encryption, hence my active participation in the RSA RC64 Secret-Key challenge, the latest international de-encryption contest from the RSA laboratories of America.
[5] J.S. Fulda. Data Mining and Privacy. In R. Spinello and H. Trvani, editors, Readings in CyberEthics, pages 413-417. Jones and Barlett, Sudbury MA, 2001.
One of the largest parts of commerce is transaction. Transactions are needed anytime two parties exchange money or information. Since the Information Age has begun, transactions are more common over the Internet, where it is more imperative that transactions are secure (Klein x). Corporations have also become more widespread, which means that cryptography is needed to secu...
Data encryption refers to the transformation of data into a structure that makes it unreadable by anyone without a secret decryption key. It ensures that messages can be read only by the planned recipient. Encryption is the procedure of obscuring information to create it unreadable without special information. Only organizations and individuals with an abnormal need for secrecy have actually made good use of it. Nowadays, encryption is one of the most important technologies for maintaining your privacy and the security of important information. This helps out greatly especially when E-Commerce is being used.
The length of the key for the encryption can vary from being very short to extremely long, and the length of the message being encrypted. The protection of data being transferred between ATMs and the bank, and the use of cell phones, is the most common everyday encounter with encryption. To encrypt and decrypt information, a cipher is used. In a cipher, there is a set of well-defined steps that can be followed to encrypt and decrypt messages.
In this era when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with, So it is important to deal with it. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient. Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; In the old age people use to send encoded message which can be understand by the receiver only who know the symbolic and relative meaning of that encoded message .The first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. After writing was invented cryptography appeared spontaneously with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In telecommunications and data cryptography is necessary when communicating in any untrusted medium, which includes any network, particularly the Internet [1].Within the context of any application-to-application communication, there are some security requirements, including:
Rayne, PB, Kulkarni, P, Patil, S & Meshram, BB 2012, ‘Authentication and Authorization:Tool for Ecommerce Security’, Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 150-157.