owner encrypts the original uncompressed image using an encryption key. Then, a data-hider may compress the least significant bits of the encrypted imageusing a data-hiding key to create a sparse space to accommodate some additionaldata.With an encrypted image containing additional data, if a receiverhas the data-hiding key, he can extract the additional data thoughhe does not know the image content. If the receiver has the encryption key,he can decrypt the received data to obtain an image similar to
Cryptography Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data. Cryptography enables you to store sensitive information or transmit it across insecure networks so that it cannot be read by anyone except the intended recipient. While cryptography is the science of securing data, cryptanalysis is the science of analyzing and breaking secure communication. Classical cryptanalysis involves an interesting combination of analytical reasoning, application of mathematical tools
Cryptography is the study of secure or secret communications. Cryptography has been around for thousands of years. Cryptography has been around for thousands of years. Cryptography deals with authentication, confidentiality, and integrity of data. There are many different implementations of cryptography in information systems. This paper will cover hashing, encryption, digital signatures, and digital certificates. Cryptography dates back as early as the Egyptian Hieroglyphs that were carved
are two main types of cryptography symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Thought time Cryptography has evolved rapidly during world war one and world war two the allies used it to send messages between one the other. Symmetric algorithms encrypt and decrypt with the same key. Main advantages of symmetric algorithms are their security and high speed. Asymmetric algorithms encrypt and decrypt with different keys. Data is encrypted with a public key, and decrypted with a private key. Asymmetric algorithms
The word cryptography comes from the Greek word "Kryptos", that means hidden, and "Graphikos" which means writing. Cryptography or communication by using secret code was used by the Egyptians some 4000 years ago. However, the science of cryptography was initiated by Arabs since 600s. Cryptography becomes vital in the twentieth century where it played a crucial role in the World War I and II. Cryptographic technique is an effective method for protecting many private and public data transported
document. According to the Webster dictionary, “cryptography is the practice and study of data encryption and decryption - encoding data so that it can only be decoded by specific individuals.” Crypto is derived from the Greek word kruptos, to hide, from kruptein, which means hidden and secret. In the old days, people attempted to withhold certain information as their private possession, and to hide the information from exposures to the public. There were many different methods they used in order
This chapter provides an overview of cryptography concept. It`s required to encrypt and maintain confidentiality of the information to be transmitted over the network. This is achieved through cryptography. Cryptography plays a vital role in securing the information when transmitted across the network. It helps in maintaining the integrity of the information stored on the network. Thus, security is one of the important concepts to be explored in the world of network security. Some of the security
I. INTRODUCTION The wrong message in wrong hands can alter the course of history. Fast forward to 1945, cryptography was rampant. The Germans were using Enigma machines, making it almost impossible for the Allies to decode their messages, or so they thought. Little did the Germans know that the Allies were able to decode it, exposing war plans and helping end the war. The Allies nicknamed all intelligence involving Germans “Ultra”. Using Ultra, Allies were able to find German naval and land positions
Cryptography is the use of codes and ciphers to protect secrets and has been around for centuries. It has its beginnings in ancient Egypt and has played a role in every part of history to its current role in protecting communications across today’s computer networks. In classical times cryptology was not as sophisticated as it is today, but it had its uses for that time in history. The early Greeks used what was called the Scytale Cipher. It was used between the Greek and Spartan armies and was very
Why of ECC? Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is a public key cryptography technique by making use of elliptic curve properties and their algebraic structure of over finite fields. It is one of the efficient ways of providing encryption of cryptographic keys. Elliptic curves as algebraic/geometric entities have been studied extensively for the past 150 years, and from these studies has emerged a rich and deep theory. Elliptic curve systems as applied to cryptography were first proposed in 1985 independently
Cryptography – Cryptography or Cryptology comes from the Greek words kryptós meaning "hidden, secret” and graphein, "writing", So cryptography is the study/practice of hidden writing, or coding messages in order to send messages between two parties without a third party being able to read the messages. Cryptography is a process invented thousands of years ago, but was tedious to use as messaged had to be drafted, encoded, transported, decoded before reaching its intend recipient. It wasn’t until
field of cryptography. Both the allies and the axis sent encoded message over airways that both sides had access to. Obviously they didn’t want the other side to know what they were up to, so they both sent encoded messages. Mathematics served a primary role in the cracking of these codes, most notably the enigma code used primarily by Nazi Germany. The problem with an encoded message though, is that historically, a code needed to be prearranged along with some sort of decryption key, between
Ch 4 Encryption 4.1 Introduction Cryptography is the common term given to the art and science of keeping the text messages secret. It is not the purpose to evaluate in detail any of the mathematical algorithms that are used in the cryptographic process, but instead to provide a general view of the process and its uses. To introduce briefly one of the fundamental building blocks of all network security, one must know the process of encryption and decryption. A process that transforms the given information
" Sign on the Dot-Corn Line." ABA Journal Oct 2000 Misra, Sunil. "Federal law allows electronic signatures." The American City & County Dec 2000 Singh, Simon. The Code Book: The Evolution of Secrecy from Mary Queen of Scots to Quantum Cryptography. New York: Doubleday, 1999 "Bill Pertaining to Digital Signatures and Authentication in the lO6~ Congress." Tech Law Journal http://techlawjournal.com/cong106/digsig/Default.ttm ( 5 Apr. 2001).
Therefore, fire security and safety is vital to the physical environment of an automated server room. When implementing a fire control system in a server room, there are several key measures that must be considered. First, a fire suppression system must be considered. Specific devices would need to be installed to detect and response to fire, potential fire, or combustion danger (Whitman, pg. 480). These suppression systems
arrangement. Encryption is simply stated as the practice of systematic information scrambling, so that it can be unscrambled later [10]. Data encryption interprets data into a different form, or cryptograph, so that a person holding a secret key (i.e. a decryption key) or password can access that data. The encrypted data is known as cipher text, whereas the unencrypted data is termed as plaintext. Presently, encryption is considered as one of the most effective data security technique and is widely used
undetected fraud arising out of poor level data analysis. Furthermore, as mentioned by Ruchi Verma and Sathyan Ramakrishna Mani (2002) analytics address these challenges and play a very crucial role in fraud detection for insurance companies. Some of the key benefits of using analytics in fraud detection are discussed below. By making use of sampling techniques methods accompanies its own particular set of accepted errors. Using analytics, insurance agencies can manufacture frameworks that gone through
Internet plays more important role in our daily life comparing to its initiation, some keen groups are ringing our bell, hackers, and theft of data, crackers. These people are all associated with a term ¡§security¡¨. It is not difficult for general publics to point out two of the security issues, security of online transaction and security of message transmission respectively. In fact, system hacking is more fatal. Most of experienced online people understand that their data transmitted through Internet
information are: symmetric encryption (also called secret key encryption) and asymmetric encryption (also called public key encryption). Symmetric algorithms are faster, but the main problem associated with this algorithm is key distribution. On the other hand, asymmetric encryption eliminates key security problem, but these algorithms take too much time for encryption and decryption. Certain systems use asymmetric encryption for secure key exchange joined with symmetric algorithms for rapid data
Hardware, software and the data that resides in and among computer systems must be protected against security threats that exploit vulnerabilities. Organizations must therefore impose appropriate controls to monitor for, deter and prevent security breaches. Three areas have been considered, in a typical sense, as the basic critical security requirements for data protection: confidentiality is used to assure privacy; principles of integrity assure systems are changed in accordance with authorized