Due to growth of multimedia application, security becomes an important issue of communication and storage of images.Encryption is one of the ways to ensure high securityImages are used in many fields such as medical science, military; they are stored or transfer through network, security of such image data is important.This work proposes a novel scheme for the security of such images by the method of separable reversible data hiding in encrypted images. In the first phase, a content owner encrypts the original uncompressed image using an encryption key. Then, a data-hider may compress the least significant bits of the encrypted imageusing a data-hiding key to create a sparse space to accommodate some additionaldata.With an encrypted image containing additional data, if a receiverhas the data-hiding key, he can extract the additional data thoughhe does not know the image content. If the receiver has the encryption key,he can decrypt the received data to obtain an image similar to the originalone, but cannot extract the additional data. If the receiver has both thedata-hiding key and the encryption key, he can extract the additional dataand recover the original content without any error by exploiting the spatialcorrelation in natural image when the amount of additional data is not toolarge.
Index Terms—Image encryption, image recovery, reversible data hiding.
Introduction –
Nowadays when more and more sensitive information is stored on computers and transmitted over the Internet, we need to ensure information security and safety. Image is also an important part of our information .Therefore it’s very important to protect our image from unauthorized access.Security of multimedia information is used to protect the multimedia content...
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...er having the data-hiding key cansuccessfully extract the embedded data, he cannot get any informationabout the original image content.
Consider the case that the receiver has the encryption key butdoes not know the data-hiding key. Clearly, he cannot obtain thevalues of parameters and cannot extract the embedded data. However,the original image content can be roughly recovered. Denoting thebits of pixels in the encrypted image containing embedded data B'i.j.0,B'i.j.1,.....,B'i.j.7(1 ≤i ≤ N1 and 1 ≤ j ≤ N2), the receivercan decrypt the received data
where ri.j.uare derived from the encryption key. The gray values of decrypted pixels are
Since the data-embedding operation does not alter any MSB of encrypted image, the decrypted MSB must be same as the original MSB.So, the content of decrypted image is similar to that of original image.if
Then there is
Manipulation of the scanned file must be limited to rotating the image. Under no circumstances should the content of the scanned document to be modified in any way.
Other ways of “Staying Safe” are by: avoiding misuse of images, using encryption, using copy lists with
A theme in “Our Secret,” by Susan Griffin that is developed through the character of Himmler, and the symbolism with the development of a cell is that if individuals hide constantly behind masks, they will struggle internally.
The history of the modern media surveillance systems begins first with the invention of the computer and the use of software. Before the internet, information was only transported between computers by a physical storage device or an extremely expensive network. Software for media surveillance was only used to scan the media that was available in data form for particular key words. It could then be stored and indexed to be later analyzed. (Sarlós, 1982)
At this point we are able to undertake a Freudian analysis of the image. While the components mentioned can be understood as the visual, manifest content, we can attempt to translate their hidden, subverted, latent thoughts. According to Freud, all manifest content is subject to distortion by the "dream-work" (the mechanism by which such thoughts are altered, and thus we must decode the image by paying particular attention to the hidden elements (the ones that resist our analysis most). If all thoughts are generated in the unconscious, as Freud believes, then we must center our analysis on these hidden or latent components.
Codes have been around for centuries ranging from wax, invisible ink, Morse code, the Enigma used by the Germans during World War II and now steganographic. Steganography is the latest form to insidiously hide information over the Internet without a trace of a file being altered. You are able to hide messages within images, voice or music. Steganography is an ancient method of hiding messages. Today messages are hidden in images and music. Steganography can be traced back to the ancient Greek who would write messages on tablets and cover them in wax. This made the tablets look blank and unsuspicious (Kolata, F4). Citizens of ancient civilizations would tattoo messages on their shaved heads. They would then let their hair grown in and travel across enemy lines to deliver the message (Seper, G1). During World War II the Allies placed a ban on flower deliveries with dates, crossword puzzles and even report cards (Kolata, F4) for fear of a message being hidden with in. Steganographers first alter their data by using encryption and then place the image into a pre-select image. Steganographers look for a piece of code that would be the least significant and look the least altered to the human eye (Kolata, F4), being as inconspicuousness and random as possible. This makes the messages undetectable unless you knew that there is a message hidden and you were able to crack the code.
On 5 October 2009, computer equipment from a network data closet was stolen from BCBST. The items stolen were 57 unencrypted hard drives which contained over 300,000 video recording and over one million audio recordings. According to Whitman & Mattord (2010), confidentiality, integrity, and availability makes up the C.I.A triangle which is the basis of Committee on National Security model for information security, an industrial standard, (Whitman & Mattord, 2010). Confidentiality can be a synonym for encryption but also means only the people with the correct permission can access the information. One of the major security issue is the hard drives were not encrypted. The hard drives should be encrypted to prevent people from reading the information the computer. Software can be purchased which will encrypt files on hard drive with such as Folder Lock, SensiGuard, Secure IT, and more. There are open source encrypting software which are free for use which could have been used. If the hard drives were not needed, the data should hav...
Everyone has ambitions, whether they are as small as walking a block each day or as big as becoming president, everyone has them. In the movie Hidden Figures based in 1961, one of the biggest problems is racism, people fighting in the streets or people getting angry at work because of this inequality, for Dorothy, Mary and Katherine, it is at work. Work for Dorothy is having the job of a supervisor and she does not get paid the same as a supervisor. Dorothy’s self interest does not stop her from doing what she wants. Dorothy’s self interest influences her choices by making her take risks for equality and for her survival at NASA like when she steals the book from the library. Or when Dorothy sneaks into the IBM room so she can make it work
Data encryption refers to the transformation of data into a structure that makes it unreadable by anyone without a secret decryption key. It ensures that messages can be read only by the planned recipient. Encryption is the procedure of obscuring information to create it unreadable without special information. Only organizations and individuals with an abnormal need for secrecy have actually made good use of it. Nowadays, encryption is one of the most important technologies for maintaining your privacy and the security of important information. This helps out greatly especially when E-Commerce is being used.
This system embeds varying number of bits in each wavelet coefficicient according to a hiding capacity function so as to maximize the hiding capacity without sacrificing the visual quality of resulting stego image. The system also minimizes the difference between original coefficients values and modified values by using the optimum pixel adjustment algorithm. Experiments and the achieved results showed that this system achieve high hiding capacity up to 48% of the cover image size with sound image quality and high security because of using random insertion of the secret message. But the system suffers from low robustness against various attacks like histogram equalization and JPEG
The protection of data being transferred between ATMs and the bank, and the use of cell phones is the most common everyday encounter with encryption. To encrypt and decrypt information a cipher is used. In a cipher there is a set of well-defined steps that can be followed to encrypt and decrypt messages. The use of a cipher relies greatly on the use of an encryption key. The key may contain any auxiliary information added to the cipher to produce certain
As a part of under graduating course I presented my major project on JPEG Encoding and Decoding using MATLAB technology, which included going from a basic grayscale bitmap image all the way to a fully encoded file readable by standard image readers.
In this era when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with, So it is important to deal with it. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient. Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; In the old age people use to send encoded message which can be understand by the receiver only who know the symbolic and relative meaning of that encoded message .The first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. After writing was invented cryptography appeared spontaneously with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In telecommunications and data cryptography is necessary when communicating in any untrusted medium, which includes any network, particularly the Internet [1].Within the context of any application-to-application communication, there are some security requirements, including:
Privacy exist wherever personal information or other sensitive information is collected, stored, used, and finally destroyed or deleted – in digital form or otherwise. The challenge of data privacy is to use data while safe-guarding individual's privacy preferences and their personally identifiable information. The fields of computer security, data security, and information security design and utilize software, hardware, and human resources to address this issue.
Abstract - The main objective of Steganography is to communicate securely in such a way that the true message is not visible to the observer. Depending on the type of the cover object there are many suitable steganographic techniques which are followed in order to obtain security. The seganographic techniques can be classified as audio, video, text, image and network steganography. In this paper we have analyzed various data hiding techniques in encrypted images.