England Deprivation Areas

Discussion

This study has augmented our conceptual and practical comprehension of the process of geographic distribution of free schools in England. As well increase our ability about ArcGIS software, also understand the role of postcodes and how it important for researches.

England’s Deprivation areas

This study found that based on IMD 2010 rate as shown in figure (5) that deprivation is not spread equally across the England. therefore, some regions have higher level of deprivation than others, for instance London has all levels of deprivation, but it is not in the England’s first rank city of deprivation. Also Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Nottingham, and Newcastle as emerge deprivation areas. To point out this

issue Basran (2015) illustrate that there are several reasons cause on London to obtain all levels of deprivation, for instance the children’s poverty line in London is highest in England.

due to 37% of children in London are living beneath the poverty line, which is the most child poverty level comparing with other England's areas. despite, in a few years ago the children poverty rates have been decreased. As well the proportion of free schools’ meals for both primary and secondary students at state schools in London is higher rate than other cities in England. in fact, the available properties are reasonable prices to an individual person on average wages are less than 10% in all 32 London boroughs. Leeser (2011, p6) argues that “More than one in four LSOAs in London are among the 20 per cent most deprived in England and two thirds have levels of deprivation above the national average, the highest proportion of any English region” Meanwhile, according to understanding patterns of deprivation (2009) that deprived LAs of IMD 2010 in England regions include areas around London, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield, Nottingham,

Birmingham, Plymouth, Hull, Bristol, Brighton and Newcastle. As well, the LAs deprived level for all urban’s areas in England located below 25% of the IMD level. Hence; due to London is a capital, it is a larger city in England and has the heist rate of population that impact to be obtain all levels of deprivation.
Map Density
Based on results above in figures (7 & 8) it is obviously explaining that the rate of density is high in large cities such as London, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, Bristol, Portsmouth, Newcastle. The main causes are changing in birth rate and mortality rate, geographical location, industrial, Well-being in life, immigration, the high proportion of per capita income, easy get job. Smith (2015) illustrates that the most reasons which make London has the highest density rate are fastest growing borough, Thames water helps people to get water easy, good transport links, variety of the population, increasing ratio of birth since 2013 and London is the economic heart of England. Moreover, Jackson (No Date) argues that the top factors which make Liverpool be one of the England’s cities that has higher rate of densely population are; geographical location, industrial, commercial and good transport links. For example, location of Liverpool made it to be a port city, makes Liverpool be a port city, that is led to emergence of lots of industrial companies. Aw well easy transport links to arrival to good infrastructure in the area led Liverpool to be a city for workers and suitable place for immigrants. in the light of these reasons increased commercial industrial, and then coming people to living there, which is cause to increasing rate of population density. Hence, we can say those cities that have higher density of population, clearly they have a higher rate of schools’ density.
Geographic distribution of number of schools per unit and proportion of schools per unit in area are significant way to find out the process of increasing of free schools in England.

Depend upon results in figures (9,11), there are several factors cause on process of distribution of free schools, for instance government policy and local authority's role, population density, environmental difference such as urban area or rural, economic level, results of academic achievement, parent’s request to open the type of school, social segregation and social enterprises. For example, it might be parents in urban areas request to open new type of schools or send their children to the new type of schools, but maybe in rural parents do not like the new type of schools and they prefer a good local state school. Also the quality of schools’ curriculum and results of academic success make parents to send their children to those schools which has best academic achievement. In addition, sometime parents or social enterprises demand to open school based on religion or social type. As Ball (2013) discusses that the education system changing due to government policy toward to education, for example currently depend on environment some parents allowed to choose type of school for their children, but some do not. It is likely that the family skill, time and economic levels make parents to choose school's type. at the same time family allowed to choose any type of school they want for their

children. However, communities unable, they only allowed to open their own free school. Although, there are lots of free schools have been opened, but it might be not appropriate for all families, because of several of them opened based on faith, have specialisms, unqualified teachers, and poor management.
Standardized of IDM 2010 rate and free schools number
IMD 2010 is a significant index to find gaps between least deprived neighborhoods and most deprived areas. Based on graph in figure (12) in 250 free schools 190 of them located in least deprived areas to moderate deprived areas, so the highest number of free schools located in 10 to < 80 clearly that is mean establishing of free schools not includes all deprived areas in England, but most deprive areas has only a few schools.
Barker (2014) states that despite that the target is to opening free schools in deprived neighborhoods. Therefore, lots of free schools opened in deprived areas. However, the recent research observed that the income of those areas are better off than the average for their local area. still a large percentage of students who live in deprived neighborhoods are not taking in those schools. according to the free schools' meals the rate of those students who attending free schools are eligible is low which 13.5 per cent. additionally, Blower (n.d.) argues that based on NUT's report for 145 free schools that have been opened between years (2012 - 2014) the result was those number of free schools opened in areas in fact those places did not need to open new schools there at the same time there were sufficient numbers of schools there. However, another area had suffered serious in school’s shortages, then was need to open new schools. Also opened free schools in places which it owns a sufficient numbers of other schools, influenced on neighborhood schools. Additionally, Academies and free schools (2015) mentioned on Rob Higham’s investigation; he argues that due to opening free schools' schedule has been changed under various policy agenda. Even though the aim was to open a large number of new schools for competition. But presently the distribution of free schools does not reflect this target, for example, some districts with not forecast to open free schools there, but one-third of the rate of free schools of the first four waves which is 35 % opened in there. also several districts not need to open free schools there or only moderate need. However, 52% of four first four waves opened there. Similarly, National Audit Office (2013) examined that most free schools located in districts which is 70% of assessment of free schools' areas. However, for more than 30% of recommend Wave four free schools the Department of Education had not had deprivation data, for instance to build proposed free schools there were not enough information about postcode information. Likewise, based on graph in figure (13) highest number of other schools located in less deprived area, which is 7096 schools in scores 10 to < 20. Meanwhile, most deprived area has only 182 schools for scores 70 to < 80. Hence, according to this study the most deprived areas in England lack to free schools and they need to build up new schools there.

Overall Primary and secondary absent rate
students’ attendance to schools is the good way to improve their education skills ability, get good score and pass schools' tests. in England's education policy schools request pupils the rate of attendance should be 95% for all year. However, there are thousands of students absent in schools beneath several reasons such as illness and family holiday. The result of figure (14) confirmed that the rate of free schools absent is low for the study year (2014 to2015). Because of, the highest number of schools located in rate of absent 10 to < 70. Meanwhile, the highest rate 70 to < 100 has the lowest number of schools which is 63 schools. as a result, the overall absence rates for 2014/15 in the least deprived areas are higher than in the most deprived areas, for all schools in England. areas According to Gov.uk (2015) the overall absent rate in 2013/14 for state funded primary, secondary, and special schools decreased compared with year 2012/13. The rate absents for 2013/14 was 4.5% and for 2012/13 was 5.3%. The main cause was decrease in authorized absence rate between years 2012/13 to 2013/14 in 4.2% to 3.5%. Nonetheless, unauthorized absence rates did not change and it was remained at 1.1%. Similarly, the total number of days missed 2013/14 decreased owing to overall absence reduced which were 52.0 million. However, for 2012/13 the total number of days missed were 60.1 million. Besides, there are some reasons impacting on pupils to be absent in schools, for example 57.9% of all absences in 2013/14 were due to sickness, and 8.5% of all absences in 2013/14 were because family holidays. likewise, Sellgren (2014) argues that due to several reasons students be absent on schools such as family holidays, illness, and truancy, students with special educational needs and students eligible for free school meals. however total number of days missed decreased in 2013/14 compared with past few years. because of a crackdown on families taking children away on during holiday.