Encomienda to Hacienda and Latifundio in Latin America
The encomienda system developed in the Antilles (the islands of
the West Indies except the Bahamas) when the group of settlers Columbus
brought with him on his second voyage to the New World were, essentially,
unwilling to work (Vigil 218). They solved this problem through forced
Indian labor. Queen Isabella I of Spain considered the native people
"free crown vassals" (Vigil 218) and instructed Governor Nicolas de
Ovando, Comendador Mayor of the military order Alcantara, to inform the
Indians that they had to pay tribute to the crown equal to the other
subjects. But the Indians refused to have anything to do with it,
resulting in a series of royal decrees starting in 1503 that resulted in
the encomienda system.
As legally defined in 1503, an encomienda consisted of a grant by
the crown to a conquistador, soldier, official, or others rewarded for
assisting in the conquest, of a specified number of Indians living in a
particular area. The receiver of the grant, the encomendero, could exact
tribute from the Indians in gold or labor ("Encomienda"). Basically, the
natives were gathered into villages under the supervision of a trustee and
forced to work in the construction of buildings, in mines, and in the
cultivation of the soil. In turn, the trustee (the encomendero) was to
civilize, Christianize, and protect the Indians (Thomas 51). Through this
system, the crown intended to both reward deserving conquerors and
settlers and to incorporate the Indians into Christian civilization by
placing them under the protection of responsible individuals (Vigil 218).
However, the system quickly became corrupted.
Although the enc...
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...on.
As improvements of these economic systems continue to be made, the
situation of the Latin American people also continues to improve,
hopefully ensuring a brighter future for the entire region.
Works Cited
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Delpar, Helen. "Latifundium." Encyclopedia of Latin America. New York:
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"Encomienda." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/6/0,5716,33166+1,00.html.
"Hacienda." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/4/0/,5716,39504+1,00.html.
Thomas, Alfred Barnaby. Latin America: A History. New York: The MacMillan
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Vigil, Ralph H. "Encomienda." Encyclopedia of Latin America. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1974.
The English took their land and disrupted their traditional systems of trade and agriculture. As a result, the power of native religious leaders was corrupted. The Indians we...
Taylor, Sandra C. Jewel of the Desert: Japanese American Internment at Topaz. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
The caudillo system established in Latin America after the wars for independence consisted of unstable transitional governments that achieved few of the goals recognized in an effective democratic government. Despite these shortcomings, the caudillo system maintained a predictable social order and prevented chaos. This system was the best available until the formation of a middle class could be achieved, resulting in a more democratic political system.
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Galeano, Eduardo. Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent. Translated by Cedric Belfrage. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1997.
"Animal-Assisted Therapy." Animal Assisted Therapy, Exploring the Therapeutic Link between Animals and Humans. American Humane Association, 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. .
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Animals can help hospital patients meet rehabilitation goals (Fischman). In addition, pets can make the healing process more bearable. Animals can also provide quiet, yet successful support to patients and their families during the rehabilitation of an injury or illness. They can cheer up patients who are going through rough times and can be a reliable friend in a sometimes sad setting. It is remarkable the miracles that can be made when a caring and loving animal is by someone's side through the long journey. There have been times where a hospital patient was unconscious for months, but when their hand was placed on the back of a dog, they woke up, wondering what they were touching (Fischman). Also if someone who is in the hospital is feeling down or depressed, a visiting animal can help perk them up, and hopefully make their recovery easier and faster. Visiting animals can also help those who are in a nursing home to feel less lonely and less stressed. Nursing home patients with Alzheimer's have proven to be more calm when in the presence of an animal. Studies have shown that they get less agitated and comply easier with instructions when around an animal
Burns, Bradford E. Latin America: A Concise Interpretive History. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2002.
Sandberg, Sheryl. Lean in: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead. New York: Alfred A.Knopf,
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In the field of therapy, there are numerous of therapy available out there for different type of individuals and situations as well. There is one type of therapy that usually contains people and animal, it is animal-assisted therapy is a therapeutic approach that brings animals and individuals with physical and/or emotional needs together to perform the therapy. Animal-assisted therapy tend to be focused on individuals either children or elderly for them to be able to connect with the animal thus feeling comfortable talking with the therapist. Pet therapy works for all ages, whether sick or not (Lanchnit, 2011). Although, this paper, most of the focus is on animal-assisted therapy towards children using dogs.
Rock, D. (1987). Argentina, 1516-1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alphonsín. Berkley: University of California Press.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a disease that a lot of people suffer with in society especially young adults. While it is not a disease that is deadly, it does affect the victim in every day aspects of their life and can ultimately control their lives. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is defined by the National Institute of Mental Health as, “… a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over”. The thoughts that individuals have when suffering through Obsessive Compulsive Disorder cannot be restrained and really can disturb the individual. Thoughts or actions that people may have can range from worrying about daily occurrences, such as washing their hands, to having thoughts of harming people that are close to them. People tend to have these reoccurring compulsions because they believe by doing them or thinking them, they will either prevent something bad from happening or because it eliminates stress that they have. This disease can last a lifetime and can be very detrimental and disabling to how one lives their lives. Individuals can start to see signs of OCD in either late adolescence or even early adulthood and everyone is susceptible. When it comes to classifying this incurable disease, there is much debate on whether or not it a type of anxiety (Abramowitz, Taylor, & McKay, 2009). It is important to be able to understand this mental disorder since so many people are diagnosed with it. While there are treatments for OCD, there are no cures yet. Treatments could range anywhere from taking prescribed medication to just going to therapy and counseling fo...
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